01326nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245007500055210006900130260000800199300001400207490000700221520070200228100002200930700002000952700002300972700002300995700002401018856009001042       2011                        eng d  a1471-827800aHit or miss in phylogeographic analyses: the case of the cryptic NUMTs0 aHit or miss in phylogeographic analyses the case of the cryptic   cNov  a1056-10590 v113 aPhylogeographic studies call for attention as nuclear copies of mitochondrial DNA (NUMT) may generate erroneous results. Here, we report the presence of NUMTs differing only by 1-3 bp from authentic mitochondrial haplotypes, consequently named cryptic NUMTs. In contrast to traditional NUMTs, for which reliable tools for detection are established, cryptic NUMTs question the validity of phylogeographic analyses based solely on mitochondrial DNA, like the one presented here on the European bark beetle Ips typographus. Caution is called as cryptic NUMTs might be responsible for haplotype richness found in several species, and the necessity of refined methods for NUMT detection is highlighted.1 aBertheau, Coralie1 aSchuler, Hannes1 aKrumboeck, Susanne1 aArthofer, Wolfgang1 aStauffer, Christian  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/hit-or-miss-phylogeographic-analyses-case-cryptic-numts01752nas a2200181   4500008004500000020001400045245011500059210006900174260000900243300001200252490000700264520106400271653002901335100002601364700002301390700002401413856013301437       2008                        Engldsh    a0024-406600aSympatric occurrence of diverged mtDNA lineages of Pityogenes chalcographus (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) in Europe0 aSympatric occurrence of diverged mtDNA lineages of Pityogenes ch  cJune  a331-3400 v943 aDifferentiation among the European populations of the six-toothed spruce bark beetle Pityogenes chalcographus was observed for the first time in the 1970s as mating males from Northern Europe with females from Central Europe led to a significant decline in fecundity. Morphological examination revealed that P. chalcographus can be separated into two European races. Here, we investigated the genetic background of this separation by analysing 39 populations (n = 695), sequencing almost the complete cytochrome oxidase I gene (1543 bp) and applying single-strand conformation polymorphism. Phylogenetic analysis of 58 haplotypes yielded three major clades with a maximum sequence divergence of 2.33%, indicating that the demographic events took place in the late Pleistocene. These results support the hypothesis of allopatric divergence of the mtDNA lineages, which postglacially came into sympatric existence in Europe. However, as a result of partial crossing incompatibility the diverged lineages retained their genetic identity during postglacial times.10aPityogenes chalcographus1 aAvtzis, Dimitrios, N.1 aArthofer, Wolfgang1 aStauffer, Christian  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/sympatric-occurrence-diverged-mtdna-lineages-pityogenes-chalcographus-coleoptera-scolytinae-europe01342nas a2200193   4500008004500000020001400045245011800059210006900177260001500246300001200261490000800273520062100281653002800902100002100930700001800951700002000969700002400989856013501013       2008                        Engldsh    a1210-575900aPolygraphus grandiclava (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) collected from pine and cherry trees: a phylogenetic analysis0 aPolygraphus grandiclava Coleoptera Curculionidae collected from   cOctober 24  a789-7920 v1053 aPolygraphus grandiclava (Thomson, 1886) is a unique scolytid species in that it infests both Pinaceae and Rosaceae. The utilization of such different host trees lead to the designation of two species at the beginning of the last century. Later on, these two species were synonymised. Here we investigated the genetic identity of populations collected from pine and cherry trees by sequencing a partial region of the mitochondrial COI gene. The phylogenetic study presented reveals no indication of host-induced differentiation within the mitochondrial sequences of the populations collected from the two host plants.10aPolygraphus grandiclava1 aAvtzis, Dimitros1 aKnizek, Milos1 aHellrigl, Klaus1 aStauffer, Christian  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/polygraphus-grandiclava-coleoptera-curculionidae-collected-pine-and-cherry-trees-phylogenetic-analys02209nas a2200193   4500008004100000245009800041210006900139260000900208300001000217490000700227520151800234653002901752100002301781700002601804700002001830700002501850700002401875856011601899       2007                        eng d00aPitfalls in applying mitochondrial markers onto the scolytid species Pityogenes chalcographus0 aPitfalls in applying mitochondrial markers onto the scolytid spe  cJune  a15-190 v453 aPityogenes chalcographus is one of the major pests in Eurasian spruce stands. Crossing experiments performed in the mid-1970s suggested race differentiation, and mtDNA analysis of P. chalcographus gave evidence that today's populations are divided into several clades. The genetic distance between clades favours a model of allopatric origin with a separation about one million years ago while today haplotypes of the major clades exist sympatrically all over Europe. Within the last few years, the use of mtDNA as a sole genetic marker became a matter of critical discussion. It was shown that nuclear copies of mtDNA (numts) led to artefacts in some of the derived genealogies. A long PCR based approach for elimination of potential numt sequences was developed to validate the dataset of P. chalcographus. This method showed that the beetle's genome does not contain numts. Another factor that may influence mitogenomes is the presence of endosymbiotic Wolbachia, which causes alterations in insect reproduction and thus influences the population's mtDNA patterns. While Wolbachia was not found in P. chalcographus in past studies, the use of long and nested PCR, cloning and sequencing of PCR products, and in situ hybridization techniques gave evidence that at least a certain percentage of European populations harbour this intracellular endosymbiont. An influence on the mitochondrial dataset can not be excluded and further research is proposed to estimate the prevalence of Wolbachia in P. chalcographus.10aPityogenes chalcographus1 aArthofer, Wolfgang1 aAvtzis, Dimitrios, N.1 aRiegler, Markus1 aMiller, Wolfgang, J.1 aStauffer, Christian  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/pitfalls-applying-mitochondrial-markers-scolytid-species-pityogenes-chalcographus01548nas a2200217   4500008004100000020001400041245011600055210006900171260001400240300001200254490000700266520074900273653002901022100002301051700003201074700002501106700002601131700002201157700002401179856012701203       2007                        eng d  a0022-284400aLessons from a beetle and an ant: coping with taxon-dependent differences in microsatellite development success0 aLessons from a beetle and an ant coping with taxondependent diff  cSeptember  a304-3070 v653 aMicrosatellites are powerful markers often isolated de novo for species yet to be investigated. Enriched genomic libraries are usually used for isolation purposes. We critically evaluate the outcome of an enrichment-based protocol applied to two insect species (the ant Lasius austriacus and the beetle Pityogenes chalcographus) which yielded contrasting numbers of suitable loci. Our findings of differences in microsatellite isolation are consistent with the available data on differences in genomic characteristics across these taxa. In the beetle repeated isolation of identical motifs, difficulties in primer development, and multibanded products caused loss of most candidate clones. We identified critical steps during marker development10aPityogenes chalcographus1 aArthofer, Wolfgang1 aSchlick-Steiner, Birgit, C.1 aSteiner, Florian, M.1 aAvtzis, Dimitrios, N.1 aCrozier, Ross, H.1 aStauffer, Christian  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/lessons-beetle-and-ant-coping-taxon-dependent-differences-microsatellite-development-success02009nas a2200181   4500008004100000245011200041210006900153260000900222300001200231490000700243520138600250653002901636100002301665700002601688700002001714700002401734856006901758       2010                        eng d00aMitochondrial phylogenies in the light of pseudogenes and Wolbachia: re-assessment of a bark beetle dataset0 aMitochondrial phylogenies in the light of pseudogenes and Wolbac  c2010  a269-2800 v563 aPhylogenetic studies based on mtDNA become increasingly questioned because of potential pitfalls due to mitochondrial pseudogenes and mitochondrial selective sweeps. While the inclusion of nuclear markers should preferentially be considered for future studies, there is no need to abandon mtDNA as long as tests for the known mtDNA artefacts are performed. In this study we present additional data and test previous phylogeographical studies of Pityogenes chalcographus. We did not detect nuclear copies (numts) of the previously used mitochondrial markers by performing a combined long range/nested PCR of the COI gene and by an in silico analysis of the COI sequence data. This confirms the robustness of our previous phylogenetic study of P. chalcographus. Results of an in-situ hybridization of Wolbachia in P. chalcographus confirm the presence of this endosysmbiont in this species. However, we did not detect a correlation between infection status, geographical region and mtDNA haplotypes. The hybridisation data also support a previous hypothesis that infections do not result from parasitoids or parasitic nematodes, insect surface or laboratory contaminations and are hence a true infection of P. chalcographus. We conclude that the deep structure found in mitochondrial populations of P. chalcographus indeed represents the evolutionary history of European populations.10aPityogenes chalcographus1 aArthofer, Wolfgang1 aAvtzis, Dimitrios, N.1 aRiegler, Markus1 aStauffer, Christian  uhttp://pensoftonline.net/zookeys/index.php/journal/issue/view/5802776nas a2200217   4500008004100000020001400041245004800055210004700103260000900150300001200159490000600171520221900177653001702396653000802413653001502421653001202436100002602448700002202474700002402496856003802520       2012                        eng d  a2075-445000aWhat is Next in Bark Beetle Phylogeography?0 aWhat is Next in Bark Beetle Phylogeography  cJune  a453-4720 v33 aBark beetle species within the scolytid genera Dendroctonus, Ips, Pityogenes and Tomicus are known to cause extensive ecological and economical damage in spruce and pine forests during epidemic outbreaks all around the world. Dendroctonus ponderosae poses the most recent example having destroyed almost 100,000 km2 of conifer forests in North America. The success and effectiveness of scolytid species lies mostly in strategies developed over the course of time. Among these, a complex system of semiochemicals promotes the communication and aggregation on the spot of infestation facilitating an en masse attack against a host tree's defenses; or an association with fungi that evolved either in the form of nutrition (ambrosia fungi) or even by reducing the resistance of host trees (blue-stain fungi). Although often specific to a tree genus or species, some bark beetles are polyphagous and have the ability to switch on to new hosts and extend their host range (i.e., between conifer genera such as Pityogenes chalcographus or even from conifer to deciduous trees as Polygraphus grandiclava). A combination of these capabilities in concert with life history or ecological traits explains why bark beetles are considered interesting subjects in evolutionary studies. Several bark beetle species appear in phylogeographic investigations, in an effort to improve our understanding of their ecology, epidemiology and evolution. In this paper investigations that unveil the phylogeographic history of bark beetles are reviewed. A close association between refugial areas and postglacial migration routes that insects and host trees have followed in the last 15,000 BP has been suggested in many studies. Finally, a future perspective of how next generation sequencing will influence the resolution of phylogeographic patterns in the coming years is presented. Utilization of such novel techniques will provide a more detailed insight into the genome of scolytids facilitating at the same time the application of neutral and non-neutral markers. The latter markers in particular promise to enhance the study of eco-physiological reaction types like the so-called pioneer beetles or obligate diapausing individuals.10aDendroctonus10aIps10aPityogenes10aTomicus1 aAvtzis, Dimitrios, N.1 aBertheau, Coralie1 aStauffer, Christian  uhttp://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/3/2