02929nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245008000055210006900135260000800204300001200212490000700224520228400231653001602515100001902531700001702550700001802567700001702585700001902602856010202621       2009                        eng d  a0098-033100aAggregation pheromone of the Qinghai spruce bark beetle, Ips nitidus eggers0 aAggregation pheromone of the Qinghai spruce bark beetle Ips niti  cMay  a610-6170 v353 aVolatiles from hindgut extracts of males of the Qinghai spruce bark beetle, Ips nitidus, from different attack phases (phase 1: unpaired males and phases 2-4: males joined with one to three females) and hindgut extracts of mated females were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)/flame ionization detection (FID) with both polar and enantioselective columns. The GC-MS/FID analyses demonstrated that unpaired males from attack phase 1 (nuptial chamber constructed) produced 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, approx. 74%-(-)-ipsdienol, and (-)-cis-verbenol as major hindgut components, and (-)-trans-verbenol, (-)-ipsenol, (-)-verbenone, myrtenol, and 2-phenylethanol as minor or trace components. The quantities of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol and especially ipsdienol decreased after mating during phases 2-4, whereas the quantities of (-)-cis- and (-)-trans-verbenol did not change. In contrast, the quantity of (-)-ipsenol seemed to increase as mating activity progressed. After mating with three females (harem size = 3; phase 4), only trace to small amounts of male-specific compounds were detected from I. nitidus male hindguts. Chemical analysis of the hindgut extracts of mated females showed only trace amounts of semiochemicals. A field-trapping bioassay in Qinghai, China showed that the four-component "full blend" containing the three major components, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, ([plus or minus])-ipsdienol, and (-)-cis-verbenol, plus a minor component, (-)-trans-verbenol, caught significantly more I. nitidus ([male]/[female]= 1:2.2) than did the unbaited control and two binary blends. The replacement of ([plus or minus])-ipsdienol with nearly enantiomerically pure (-)-ipsdienol in the "full blend" significantly reduced trap catches, which suggests that both enantiomers are needed for attraction. On the other hand, removal of (-)-trans-verbenol from the active "full blend" had no significant effect on trap catches. Our results suggest that the three major components, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, 74%-(-)-ipsdienol, and (-)-cis-verbenol (at 7:2:1), produced by unpaired fed males, are likely the aggregation pheromone components of I. nitidus, thus representing the first characterization of an aggregation pheromone system of a bark beetle native solely to China.10aIps nitidus1 aZhang, Qing-He1 aMa, Jian-Hai1 aZhao, Feng-Yu1 aSong, Li-Wen1 aSun, Jiang-Hua  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/aggregation-pheromone-qinghai-spruce-bark-beetle-ips-nitidus-eggers02610nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245010900055210006900164260001300233300001200246490000700258520190400265653001802169100001902187700001702206700001702223700001802240700001902258856012702277       2009                        eng d  a0937-740900aAggregation pheromone of a newly described spruce bark beetle, Ips shangrila Cognato and Sun, from China0 aAggregation pheromone of a newly described spruce bark beetle Ip  cDecember  a203-2100 v193 aVolatiles from male hindgut extracts of a newly described spruce bark beetle, Ips shangrila Cognato and Sun, from different attack phases were analyzed by GC-MS/FID with both polar and enantioselective columns. The GC-MS/FID analyses showed that unmated males (Phase 1) or males mated with 3 females (Phases 2-4) produced 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol and 99%-(+)-ipsdienol as major components, and (-)-cis-verbenol, (-)-trans-verbenol, myrtenol and 2-phenyl ethanol as minor or trace components. The release of these male-produced compounds was confirmed by the analysis on aeration sample of an I. shangrila infested wind-thrown spruce trunk. The quantities of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, cis-verbenol and trans-verbenol from male hindgut extracts were almost unchanged or even slightly increased during gallery development, while ipsdienol decreased dramatically after mating with three females. No obvious Ips-related aggregation pheromone components were detected in the female hindgut extract. A field trapping bioassay in Qinghai, China, showed that the ternary blends containing 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, (-)-cis-verbenol and 97%-(+)-ipsdienol or ([plus or minus])-ipsdienol, caught significantly more I. shangrila ([male] : [female] = 1:2.14) than did the unbaited control. Replacing 97%-(+)-ipsdienol (close to the naturally produced enantiomeric ratio) with ([plus or minus])-ipsdienol in the ternary blend seemed to reduce trap catches by 50%, but the difference was not statistically significant. Surprisingly, addition of (-)-trans-verbenol (at 0.2 mg/day) to the active ternary blends significantly reduced traps catches to the level not different from the unbaited control. Our results suggest that the two major components, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol and 99%-(+)-ipsdienol, plus a minor component, (-)-cis-verbenol, produced by fed males, are likely the aggregation pheromone components of I. shangrila.10aIps shangrila1 aZhang, Qing-He1 aSong, Li-Wen1 aMa, Jian-Hai1 aHan, Fu-Zhong1 aSun, Jiang-Hua  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/aggregation-pheromone-newly-described-spruce-bark-beetle-ips-shangrila-cognato-and-sun-china