02815nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245018400055210006900239260001600308300001100324490000800335520211100343653001702454100001802471700002102489856013502510       2009                        eng d  a0378-112700aPonderosa pine mortality during a severe bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) outbreak in southern British Columbia and implications for wildlife habitat management0 aPonderosa pine mortality during a severe bark beetle Coleoptera   cDecember 14  aS5-S140 v2583 aWe examined the extent and severity of bark beetle (Dendroctonus sp.) attack in ponderosa pine forests in southern British Columbia using stand monitoring plots and forest insect overview survey data, and relate these results to vertebrate wildlife habitat conditions. Monitoring plots established in ponderosa pine stands in 2007 indicate overall mortality levels of 77.8% for trees >7.5 cm dbh by 2008, with lower mortality rates for small stems in the 7.6-15 cm dbh range (53%) and very high mortality (94.9%) of large stems >30 cm dbh. Data from insect overview surveys indicated the attack was extensive and continues to expand. In the Kamloops district, 52,126 ha, or 36% of the area with ponderosa pine as a component of the stand was attacked in 2007 alone, with many areas likely attacked in more than one year. The current bark beetle attack represents a strong "thinning from above" disturbance that is extensive and will have long-term consequences for canopy closure and overstory structure. These changes will have implications for species dependant on mature overstory trees or large snags for foraging and nesting, with effects greatest in pure stands of ponderosa pine. In mixed stands of ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine mortality will likely enhance habitat for species dependent on mature or old forest structure by increasing levels of snags, downed wood and creating natural within-stand gaps and heterogeneity. An extensive natural disturbance like the current bark beetle outbreak, following the extensive harvesting in ponderosa pine forests between 1850 and 1950 may frustrate management attempts to provide future diverse habitat conditions for flora and fauna, and other commodities such as viewscapes, recreation and timber. Silvicultural interventions can facilitate the development of mature conditions in some pure stands of ponderosa pine where mature trees have been killed, and should be considered to reconcile current conditions with desired mid- and long-term habitat requirements. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.10aDendroctonus1 aKlenner, Walt1 aArsenault, Andre  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/ponderosa-pine-mortality-during-severe-bark-beetle-coleoptera-curculionidae-scolytinae-outbreak-sout03156nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245009500055210006900150260001000219300001200229490000700241520246000248653002702708100001502735700001802750700002502768700002202793700002302815856011202838       2007                        eng d  a1051-076100aImpact of minimum winter temperatures on the population dynamics of Dendroctonus frontalis0 aImpact of minimum winter temperatures on the population dynamics  cApril  a882-8990 v173 aPredicting population dynamics is a fundamental problem in applied ecology. Temperature is a potential driver of short-term population dynamics, and temperature data are widely available, but we generally lack validated models to predict dynamics based upon temperatures. A generalized approach involves estimating the temperatures experienced by a population, characterizing the demographic consequences of physiological responses to temperature, and testing for predicted effects on abundance. We employed this approach to test whether minimum winter temperatures are a meaningful driver of pestilence from Dendroctonus frontalis ( the southern pine beetle) across the southeastern United States. A distance-weighted interpolation model provided good, spatially explicit, predictions of minimum winter air temperatures ( a putative driver of beetle survival). A Newtonian heat transfer model with empirical cooling constants indicated that beetles within host trees are buffered from the lowest air temperatures by; [approximately]1-4[degree]C ( depending on tree diameter and duration of cold bout). The life stage structure of beetles in the most northerly outbreak in recent times ( New Jersey) were dominated by prepupae, which were more cold tolerant (by >3[degree]C) than other life stages. Analyses of beetle abundance data from 1987 to 2005 showed that minimum winter air temperature only explained 1.5% of the variance in interannual growth rates of beetle populations, indicating that it is but a weak driver of population dynamics in the southeastern United States as a whole. However, average population growth rate matched theoretical predictions of a process-based model of winter mortality from low temperatures; apparently our knowledge of population effects from winter temperatures is satisfactory, and may help to predict dynamics of northern populations, even while adding little to population predictions in southern forests. Recent episodes of D. frontalis outbreaks in northern forests may have been allowed by a warming trend from 1960 to 2004 of 3.3[degree]C in minimum winter air temperatures in the southeastern United States. Studies that combine climatic analyses, physiological experiments, and spatially replicated time series of population abundance can improve population predictions, contribute to a synthesis of population and physiological ecology, and aid in assessing the ecological consequences of climatic trends.10aDendroctonus frontalis1 aTran, Khai1 aYlioja, Tiina1 aBillings, Ronald, F.1 aRegniere, Jacques1 aAyres, Matthew, P.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/impact-minimum-winter-temperatures-population-dynamics-dendroctonus-frontalis02235nas a2200229   4500008004100000020001400041245011600055210006900171260000800240300001200248490000700260520141800267653002701685653002801712100001601740700002101756700001901777700002801796700002201824700002401846856013501870       2011                        eng d  a0095-362800aPresence and Diversity of Streptomyces in Dendroctonus and Sympatric Bark Beetle Galleries Across North America0 aPresence and Diversity of Streptomyces in Dendroctonus and Sympa  cMay  a759-7680 v613 aRecent studies have revealed several examples of intimate associations between insects and Actinobacteria, including the Southern Pine Beetle Dendroctonus frontalis and the Spruce Beetle Dendroctonus rufipennis. Here, we surveyed Streptomyces Actinobacteria co-occurring with 10 species of Dendroctonus bark beetles across the United States, using both phylogenetic and community ecology approaches. From these 10 species, and 19 other scolytine beetles that occur in the same trees, we obtained 154 Streptomyces-like isolates and generated 16S sequences from 134 of those. Confirmed 16S sequences of Streptomyces were binned into 36 distinct strains using a threshold of 0.2% sequence divergence. The 16S rDNA phylogeny of all isolates does not correlate with the distribution of strains among beetle species, localities, or parts of the beetles or their galleries. However, we identified three Streptomyces strains occurring repeatedly on Dendroctonus beetles and in their galleries. Identity of these isolates was corroborated using a house-keeping gene sequence (efTu). These strains are not confined to a certain species of beetle, locality, or part of the beetle or their galleries. However, their role as residents in the woodboring insect niche is supported by the repeated association of their 16S and efTu from across the continent, and also having been reported in studies of other subcortical insects.10aDendroctonus frontalis10aDendroctonus rufipennis1 aHulcr, Jiri1 aAdams, Aaron, S.1 aRaffa, Kenneth1 aHofstetter, Richard, W.1 aKlepzig, Kier, D.1 aCurrie, Cameron, R.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/presence-and-diversity-streptomyces-dendroctonus-and-sympatric-bark-beetle-galleries-across-north-am02086nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245012700055210006900182260000900251300001000260490000600270520137300276653002701649100002301676700002001699700002001719700001801739856013501757       2007                        eng d  a1585-855300aTemperature-dependent effects on mutualistic, antagonistic, and commensalistic interactions among insects, fungi and mites0 aTemperaturedependent effects on mutualistic antagonistic and com  c2007  a47-560 v83 aThe relative abundance and nature of associations between symbiotic species can be affected by abiotic conditions with consequences for population dynamics. We investigated the effects of temperature on the community of mites and fungi associated with the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis, an important pest of pine forests in the southern United States. First, we determined whether the growth rates of mutualistic and antagonistic fungi associated with D. frontalis differed in their responses to temperature. Second, we tested the effects of temperature on the abundance of, and interactions among, fungi, mites and beetles within D. frontalis-infested trees. Fungi differed in their growth responses to temperature, resulting in changes in fungal-beetle associations. Mite species associated with D. frontalis also differed in their responses to temperature, resulting in different mite communities associated with bark beetle progeny. The effects of temperature on beetle reproduction could not be assessed because of high wood borer density, but inter-relations among surviving beetles, mites and fungi were altered by temperature. Results support the hypothesis that temperature can produce direct and indirect effects on the web of mutualistic and antagonistic relationships within the community of D. frontalis and their symbiotic mites and fungi.10aDendroctonus frontalis1 aHofstetter, R., W.1 aDempsey, T., D.1 aKlepzig, K., D.1 aAyres, M., P.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/temperature-dependent-effects-mutualistic-antagonistic-and-commensalistic-interactions-among-insects02441nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245012700055210006900182260000800251300002200259490000700281520170900288653001701997100002802014700002402042700002202066700002402088856013502112       2012                        eng d  a1461-955500aAttraction to monoterpenes and beetle-produced compounds by syntopic Ips and Dendroctonus bark beetles and their predators0 aAttraction to monoterpenes and beetleproduced compounds by synto  cMay  aNIL_0094-NIL_01030 v143 a1 Bark beetles are significant mortality agents of conifers. Four beetle species, the pine engraver Ips pini, the six-spined pine engraver Ips calligraphus sub. ponderosae, the southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis, and the western pine beetle Dendroctonus brevicomis, cohabitate pines in Arizona. 2 A pheromone trapping study in ponderosa forests of Arizona determined the attraction of beetles to conspecific and heterospecific pheromone components in the presence and absence of host volatiles, and tested whether predators differ in their attraction to combinations of pheromone components and tree monoterpenes. 3 All four bark beetle species differed in their responses to heterospecific lures and monoterpenes. Ips calligraphus was the only species that increased in trap catches when heterospecific lures were added. Heterospecific lures did not inhibit the attraction of either Dendroctonus or Ips species. The replacement of myrcene with a-pinene increased the attraction of Dendroctonus, whereas the addition of a-pinene had mixed results for Ips. The prominent predators Temnochila chlorodia and Enoclerus lecontei were more attracted to the I. pini lure than the D. brevicomis lure, and the combination of the two lures with a-pinene was most attractive to both predator species. 4 Cross attraction and limited inhibition of bark beetles to heterospecific pheromones suggest that some of these species might use heterospecific compounds to increase successful location and colonization of trees. Predator responses to treatments suggest that tree volatiles are used to locate potential prey and predators are more responsive to Ips than to Dendroctonus pheromone components in Arizona.10aDendroctonus1 aHofstetter, Richard, W.1 aGaylord, Monica, L.1 aMartinson, Sharon1 aWagner, Michael, R.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/attraction-monoterpenes-and-beetle-produced-compounds-syntopic-ips-and-dendroctonus-bark-beetles-and02687nas a2200181   4500008004100000020001400041245012300055210006900178260001300247300001400260490000800274520198200282653002802264100002702292700002802319700002302347856013502370       2009                        eng d  a0022-049300aEvaluation of multiple funnel traps and stand characteristics for estimating western pine beetle-caused tree mortality0 aEvaluation of multiple funnel traps and stand characteristics fo  cDecember  a2170-21820 v1023 aThe western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), is a major cause of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws., mortality in much of western North America. This study was designed to quantify relationships between western pine beetle trap catches (including those of its primary invertebrate predator Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim) (Coleoptera: Trogositidae)), and levels of tree mortality attributed to western pine beetle at 44 trapping sites (stands) and within five general locations (forests) in California. Furthermore, we evaluated relationships between forest stand characteristics and levels of western pine beetle-caused tree mortality. Preliminary analyses were conducted by Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) using tree mortality per hectare and percentage of tree mortality and 10 potential predictor variables. All predictor variables that had significant correlations (western pine beetle per day, western pine beetle: T. chlorodia, percentage of western pine beetle (percentage of total trap catch represented by western pine beetle), trees per hectare, basal area of all tree species, basal area of P. ponderosa, mean diameter at breast height (dbh) and stand density index) were considered for linear and multiple linear regression models for predicting levels of western pine beetle-caused tree mortality. Our results suggest monitoring western pine beetle populations through the use of pheromone-baited multiple funnel traps is not air effective means of predicting levels of western pine beetle-caused tree mortality. However, levels of western pine beetle-caused tree mortality can be efficiently predicted (adjusted R2>0.90) at large spatial scales (forests; [approximately equal]3,000-14,000 ha of contiguous host) by simply measuring stand density, specifically the basal area of all tree species or stand density index. The implications of these results to forest management are discussed.10aDendroctonus brevicomis1 aHayes, Christopher, J.1 aFettig, Christopher, J.1 aMerrill, Laura, D.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/evaluation-multiple-funnel-traps-and-stand-characteristics-estimating-western-pine-beetle-caused-tre01120nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245013500055210006900190260000800259300001200267490000700279520047500286653001700761100001900778700001900797856013400816       2010                        eng d  a0029-344X00aOld Lower Stem Bark Lesions Apparently Caused by Unsuccessful Spruce Beetle Attacks Still Evident on Live Spruce Trees Years Later0 aOld Lower Stem Bark Lesions Apparently Caused by Unsuccessful Sp  cSpr  a192-1950 v843 aWe examined old bark lesions on Lutz spruce in young stands on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, to determine their cause. Distribution of these lesions along lower stems was similar to the distribution of spruce beetle attacks during epidemics. These lesions apparently resulted from unsuccessful attacks by spruce beetles during the late 1980s and early 1990s and appear to be symptomatic of conifer tree resistance reactions to cambial zone injury by Dendroctonus beetles.10aDendroctonus1 aHard, John, S.1 aZogas, Ken, P.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/old-lower-stem-bark-lesions-apparently-caused-unsuccessful-spruce-beetle-attacks-still-evident-live01865nas a2200181   4500008004100000245004800041210004800089260000900137300001000146490000800156520134500164653001701509100001901526700002201545700002301567700002201590856007101612       2011                        eng d00aNatural History of the Southern Pine Beetle0 aNatural History of the Southern Pine Beetle  c2011  a13-240 v1403 aThe southern pine beetle (SPB) is a tree killer of southern yellow pines. All life stages----eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults[long dash]infest the inner bark or phloem tissue of the host tree. Adult beetles overcome the tree's defenses through a mass-attack phenomenon. They are attracted to the tree by a pheromone system consisting of volatiles produced by the beetles and the host. The pheromone system also prevents the beetles from over-colonizing the tree. Once inside the tree, parent adults construct serpentine egg galleries in the inner bark tissue. Individual eggs are deposited in egg niches along the egg gallery. After eclosion, the larvae develop on host tissue, and development is aided by mycangial fungi deposited in the egg galleries by the adult females. Pupation occurs in the outer bark, and brood adults emerge to attack another nearby tree. As this process continues infestation spots of dead and dying trees can be created. Generally an SPB spot gets its start on stressed and weakened tress. Depending upon climate, the number of SPB generations per year can vary from one to nine. The SPB has the capacity to cause periodic large-scale eniptions that encompass entire regions of the South. Host resistance, predators, parasites, diseases, and competitors all keep SPB populations in check during nonepidemic years.10aDendroctonus1 aHain, Fred, P.1 aDuehl, Adrian, J.1 aGardner, Micah, J.1 aPayne, Thomas, L.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/natural-history-southern-pine-beetle01831nas a2200217   4500008004100000020001400041245010200055210006900157260001000226300001100236490000800247520105900255653002801314653002801342653003001370653002801400653002401428100002401452700001801476856011901494       2009                        eng d  a0363-622400aSemiochemical sabotage: behavioral chemicals for protection of western conifers from bark beetles0 aSemiochemical sabotage behavioral chemicals for protection of we  cApril  a85-1090 v7843 aThe discovery and elucidation of volatile behavioral chemicals used by bark beetles to locate hosts and mates has revealed a rich potential for humans to sabotage beetle host-finding and reproduction. Here, we present a description of currently available semiochemical methods for use in monitoring and controlling bark beetle pests in western conifer forests. Delivery systems include hand-applied methods, such as semiochemical-releasing bubblecaps, pouches, and "puffers," as well as products that can be applied by aircraft such as semiochemical-releasing flakes. Descriptions of both attractant-based ("pull") and anti-attractant-based ("push") strategies are provided. Examples are provided for the major bark beetle pests in western North America, including the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins), western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte), the Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins), the spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby)), and the red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens LeConte),.10aDendroctonus brevicomis10aDendroctonus ponderosae10aDendroctonus pseudotsugae10aDendroctonus rufipennis10aDendroctonus valens1 aGillette, Nancy, E.1 aMunson, Steve  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/semiochemical-sabotage-behavioral-chemicals-protection-western-conifers-bark-beetles02769nas a2200289   4500008004500000020001400045245014200059210006900201260001300270300001000283490000700293520176800300653002902068653002702097653002802124653002402152653001402176653001702190653001302207100002002220700002102240700002302261700002102284700002002305700001902325856013502344       2008                        Engldsh    a0046-225X00aInfluence of temperature on spring flight initiation for southwestern ponderosa pine bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae)0 aInfluence of temperature on spring flight initiation for southwe  cFebruary  a57-690 v373 aDetermination of temperature requirements for many economically important insects is a cornerstone of pest management. For bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), this information can facilitate timing of management strategies. Our goals were to determine temperature predictors for flight initiation of three species of Ips bark beetles, five species of Dendroctonus bark beetles, and two genera of bark beetle predators, Enoclerus spp. (Coleoptera: Cleridae) and Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim) (Coleoptera: Ostomidae), in ponderosa pine forests of northcentral Arizona. We quantified beetle flight activity using data loggers and pheromone-baited funnel traps at 18 sites over 4 yr. Ambient air temperature was monitored using temperature data loggers located in close proximity to funnel traps. We analyzed degree-day accumulation and differences between minimum, average, and maximum ambient temperature for the week before and week of first beetle capture to calculate flight temperature thresholds. Degree-day accumulation was not a good predictor for initiation of beetle flight. For all species analyzed other than D. adjunctus Blandford, beetles were captured in traps only when springtime temperatures exceeded 15.0[degree]C. D. adjunctus was collected when maximum temperatures reached only 14.5[degree]C. Once initial flights had begun, beetles were often captured when maximum ambient air temperatures were below initial threshold temperatures. Maximum and average air temperatures were a better predictor for beetle flight initiation than minimum temperature. We establish a temperature range for effective monitoring of bark beetles and their predators, and we discuss the implications of our results under climate change scenarios10aDendroctonus brevicornis10aDendroctonus frontalis10aDendroctonus ponderosae10aDendroctonus valens10aEnoclerus10aIps lecontei10aIps pini1 aGaylord, M., L.1 aWilliams, K., K.1 aHofstetter, R., W.1 aMcMillin, J., D.1 aDegomez, T., E.1 aWagner, M., R.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/influence-temperature-spring-flight-initiation-southwestern-ponderosa-pine-bark-beetles-coleoptera-c02203nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245017100055210006900226260000800295300001400303490000800317520146200325653001701787653000801804100002001812700002301832700001901855856013501874       2010                        eng d  a0022-049300aImpacts of Silvicultural Thinning Treatments on Beetle Trap Captures and Tree Attacks During Low Bark Beetle Populations in Ponderosa Pine Forests of Northern Arizona0 aImpacts of Silvicultural Thinning Treatments on Beetle Trap Capt  cOct  a1693-17030 v1033 aOur research used a combination of passive traps, funnel traps with lures, baited trees, and surveys of long-term thinning plots to assess the impacts of different levels of stand basal area (BA) on bark beetle tree attack and on trap captures of Ips spp., Dendroctonus spp., and their predators. The study occurred at two sites in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dough. ex Laws., forests, from 2004 to 2007 during low bark beetle populations. Residual stand BA ranged from 9.0 to 37.0 m2/ha. More predators and bark beetles were collected in passive traps in stands of lower BA than in stands of higher BA; however, significance varied by species and site, and total number of beetles collected was low. Height of the clear panel passive traps affected trap catches for some species at some sites and years. When pheromone lures were used with funnel traps (Ips pini (Say) lure: lanierone, +03/-97 ipsdienol), we found no significant difference in trap catches among basal area treatments for bark beetles and their predators. Similarly, when trees were baited (Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte lure: myrcene, exo-brevicomin and frontalin), we found no significant difference for days to first bark beetle attack. Surveys of long-term thinning treatments found evidence of bark beetle attacks only in unthinned plots ([approximately equal]37 m2/ha basal area). We discuss our results in terms of management implications for bark beetle trapping and control.10aDendroctonus10aIps1 aGaylord, M., L.1 aHofstetter, R., W.1 aWagner, M., R.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/impacts-silvicultural-thinning-treatments-beetle-trap-captures-and-tree-attacks-during-low-bark-beet02098nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245011300055210006900168260001100237300001400248490000700262520134100269653002701610100003001637700002301667700002201690700002601712700002301738856013101761       2007                        eng d  a0045-506700aDifferential impacts of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis, on Pinus palustris and Pinus taeda0 aDifferential impacts of the southern pine beetle Dendroctonus fr  cAugust  a1427-14370 v373 aPatterns of host use by herbivore pests can have serious consequences for natural and managed ecosystems but are often poorly understood. Here, we provide the first quantification of large differential impacts of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, on loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., and longleaf pine, Pinus palustris P. Mill., and evaluate putative mechanisms for the disparity. Spatially extensive survey data from recent epidemics indicate that, per square kilometre, stands of loblolly versus longleaf pine in four forests (380[long dash]1273 km2) sustained 3[long dash]18 times more local infestations and 3[long dash]116 times more tree mortality. Differences were not attributable to size or age structure of pine stands. Using pheromone-baited traps, we found no differences in the abundance of dispersing D. frontalis or its predator Thanasimus dubius Fabricius between loblolly and longleaf stands. Trapping triggered numerous attacks on trees, but the pine species did not differ in the probability of attack initiation or in the surface area of bark attacked by growing aggregations. We found no evidence for postaggregation mechanisms of discrimination or differential success on the two hosts, suggesting that early colonizers discriminate between host species before a pheromone plume is present.10aDendroctonus frontalis1 aFriedenberg, Nicholas, A.1 aWhited, Brenda, M.1 aSlone, Daniel, H.1 aMartinson, Sharon, J.1 aAyres, Matthew, P.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/differential-impacts-southern-pine-beetle-dendroctonus-frontalis-pinus-palustris-and-pinus-taeda02420nas a2200205   4500008004500000020001400045245013300059210006900192260000900261300001200270490000700282520164000289653002701929100003001956700002001986700002502006700002502031700002302056856013502079       2008                        Engldsh    a0046-225X00aTemperature extremes, density dependence, and southern pine beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) population dynamics in east Texas0 aTemperature extremes density dependence and southern pine beetle  cJune  a650-6590 v373 aPrevious studies of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm., established that its population in east Texas responds to a delayed density-dependent process, whereas no clear role of climate has been determined. We tested two biological hypotheses for the influence of extreme temperatures on annual southern pine beetle population growth in the context of four alternative hypotheses for density-dependent population regulation. The significance of climate variables and their interaction with population regulation depended on the model of density dependence. The best model included both direct and delayed density dependence of a cubic rather than linear form. Population growth declined with the number of days exceeding 32[degree]C, temperatures previously reported to reduce brood survival. Density dependence also changed with the number of hot days. Growth was highest in years with average minimum winter temperatures. Severely cold winters may reduce Survival, whereas warm winters may reduce the efficiency of spring infestation formation. Whereas most previous studies have incorporated climate as an additive effect on growth, we found that the form of delayed density dependence changed with the number of days >32[degree]C. The interaction between temperature and regulation, a potentially common phenomenon in ecology, may explain why southern pine beetle outbreaks do not occur at perfectly regular intervals. Factors other than climate, such as forest management and direct suppression, may have contributed significantly to the timing, severity, and eventual cessation of outbreaks since the mid-1950s.10aDendroctonus frontalis1 aFriedenberg, Nicholas, A.1 aSarkar, Sudipta1 aKouchoukos, Nicholas1 aBillings, Ronald, F.1 aAyres, Matthew, P.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/temperature-extremes-density-dependence-and-southern-pine-beetle-coleoptera-curculionidae-population03000nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245016900055210006900224260000800293300001200301490000800313520221500321653002802536100002802564700002602592700002802618700002502646856013502671       2012                        eng d  a0022-049300aResponses of Dendroctonus brevicomis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Behavioral Assays: Implications to Development of a Semiochemical-Based Tool for Tree Protection0 aResponses of Dendroctonus brevicomis Coleoptera Curculionidae in  cFeb  a149-1600 v1053 aCurrently, techniques for managing western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), infestations are limited to tree removals (thinning) that reduce stand density and presumably host susceptibility, and/or the use of insecticides to protect individual trees. There continues to be significant interest in developing an effective semiochemical-based tool for protecting trees from D. brevicomis attack, largely as an alternative to conventional insecticides. The responses of D. brevicomis to tree volatiles and verbenone were documented in eight experiments (trapping assays) conducted over a 4-yr period in which 88,942 individuals were collected. Geraniol, a tree volatile unique to Pinus ponderosa that elicits female-specific antennal responses in D. brevicomis, did not affect D. brevicomis behavior. Blends of two green leaf alcohols (hexanol + (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol) tested at two release rates (5.0 and 100.0 mg/d) had no effect on the response of D. brevicomis to attractant-baited traps. A nine-component blend ( benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, guaiacol, nonanal, salicylaldehyde, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol, and (-)-verbenone; NAVV) and subsequent revisions of this blend disrupted the response of D. brevicomis to attractant-baited traps in all experiments. The inhibitory effect of a revised five-component blend (nonanal, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol, and (-)-verbenone; NAVV5) on the response of mountain pine beetle, D. ponderosae Hopkins, to attractant-baited traps was also documented. Acetophenone significantly reduced D. brevicomis attraction, but was not as effective as verbenone alone. Acetophenone increased the effectiveness of NAVV5 in one of two experiments. Furthermore, by adding acetophenone to NAVV5 we were able to remove the aldehydes from NAVV5 without compromising effectiveness, resulting in a novel four-component blend ( acetophenone, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol + (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol, and (-)-verbenone; Verbenone Plus). We discuss the implications of these and other results to development of Verbenone Plus as a semiochemical-based tool for management of D. brevicomis and D. ponderosae infestations.10aDendroctonus brevicomis1 aFettig, Christopher, J.1 aMcKelvey, Stephen, R.1 aDabney, Christopher, P.1 aHuber, Dezene, P. W.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/responses-dendroctonus-brevicomis-coleoptera-curculionidae-behavioral-assays-implications-developmen02791nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245015300055210006900208260001000277300001200287490000800299520202900307653001702336100001902353700002102372700001902393700001802412700002102430856013402451       2009                        eng d  a0931-204800aResponse of Dendroctonus brevicomis to different release rates of nonhost angiosperm volatiles and verbenone in trapping and tree protection studies0 aResponse of Dendroctonus brevicomis to different release rates o  cMarch  a143-1540 v1333 aA blend of eight nonhost angiosperm volatiles (benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, guaiacol, nonanal, salicylaldehyde, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol and (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol) without (NAV) and with (NAVV) (-)-verbenone (4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one) were tested at low (L), medium (M) and high (H) release rates for their ability to reduce attraction of western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, to attractant-baited (exo-brevicomin (racemic, 3 mg/d), frontalin (racemic, 3 mg/d) and myrcene (18 mg/d)) multiple funnel traps. NAV-L (40 mg/d) had no significant effect. Verbenone alone (50 mg/d) and NAV-M (240 mg/d) both significantly reduced attraction, but no significant difference was observed between the two treatment means. NAV-H (430 mg/d) significantly reduced catches by [approximately]60% and 78% compared to verbenone alone and the baited control, respectively. In a second experiment, combining (-)-verbenone with NAV (NAVV) increased the effects observed in Experiment 1. NAVV-M (240 mg/d) resulted in an [approximately]69% and 83% reduction in trap catch compared to verbenone alone and the baited control, respectively. Significantly fewer D. brevicomis were captured in NAVV-H (430 mg/d) than any other treatment resulting in an [approximately]93% reduction in trap catch compared to the baited control. In a third experiment, NAVV was tested at three release rates for its ability to protect individual ponderosa pines, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws., from attack by D. brevicomis. Cumulative release rates varied in direct proportion to tree diameter, but represented quarter, half and full NAVV rates. NAVV significantly reduced the density of D. brevicomis attacks, D. brevicomis successful attacks, and levels of tree mortality on attractant-baited trees. Only three of 15 NAVV-treated trees died from D. brevicomis attack while [approximately]93% mortality (14/15) was observed in the untreated, baited control. Quarter and half rates were ineffective for reducing tree mortality.10aDendroctonus1 aFettig, C., J.1 aMcKelvey, S., R.1 aDabney, C., P.1 aBorys, R., R.1 aHuber, D., P. W.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/response-dendroctonus-brevicomis-different-release-rates-nonhost-angiosperm-volatiles-and-verbenone03403nas a2200217   4500008004100000020001400041245015600055210006900211260001000280300001200290490000800302520257800310653002802888653002802916653001302944100002602957700001702983700002603000700002403026856013503050       2011                        eng d  a0378-112700aAssessing forest vulnerability and the potential distribution of pine beetles under current and future climate scenarios in the Interior West of the US0 aAssessing forest vulnerability and the potential distribution of  cAug 1  a307-3160 v2623 aThe aim of our study was to estimate forest vulnerability and potential distribution of three bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) under current and projected climate conditions for 2020 and 2050. Our study focused on the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis), and pine engraver (Ips pini). This study was conducted across eight states in the Interior West of the US covering approximately 2.2 million km2 and encompassing about 95% of the Rocky Mountains in the contiguous US. Our analyses relied on aerial surveys of bark beetle outbreaks that occurred between 1991 and 2008. Occurrence points for each species were generated within polygons created from the aerial surveys. Current and projected climate scenarios were acquired from the WorldClim database and represented by 19 bioclimatic variables. We used Maxent modeling technique fit with occurrence points and current climate data to model potential beetle distributions and forest vulnerability. Three available climate models, each having two emission scenarios, were modeled independently and results averaged to produce two predictions for 2020 and two predictions for 2050 for each analysis. Environmental parameters defined by current climate models were then used to predict conditions under future climate scenarios, and changes in different species' ranges were calculated. Our results suggested that the potential distribution for bark beetles under current climate conditions is extensive, which coincides with infestation trends observed in the last decade. Our results predicted that suitable habitats for the mountain pine beetle and pine engraver beetle will stabilize or decrease under future climate conditions, while habitat for the western pine beetle will continue to increase over time. The greatest increase in habitat area was for the western pine beetle, where one climate model predicted a 27% increase by 2050. In contrast, the predicted habitat of the mountain pine beetle from another climate model suggested a decrease in habitat areas as great as 46% by 2050. Generally, 2020 and 2050 models that tested the three climate scenarios independently had similar trends, though one climate scenario for the western pine beetle produced contrasting results. Ranges for all three species of bark beetles shifted considerably geographically suggesting that some host species may become more vulnerable to beetle attack in the future, while others may have a reduced risk over time. [copyright]2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.10aDendroctonus brevicomis10aDendroctonus ponderosae10aIps pini1 aEvangelista, Paul, H.1 aKumar, Sunil1 aStohlgren, Thomas, J.1 aYoung, Nicholas, E.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/assessing-forest-vulnerability-and-potential-distribution-pine-beetles-under-current-and-future-clim02693nas a2200229   4500008004500000020001400045245013900059210006900198260001300267300001200280490000700292520185600299653002802155100002002183700002402203700002102227700002102248700002302269700001702292700002002309856013402329       2008                        Engldsh    a1461-955500aAcetophenone superior to verbenone for reducing attraction of western pine beetle Dendroctonus brevicomis to its aggregation pheromone0 aAcetophenone superior to verbenone for reducing attraction of we  cNovember  a433-4410 v103 a1 The western pine beetle Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is one of the most damaging insect pests of ponderosa pines Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex P. & C. Lawson in Western U.S.A. We compared the effect of verbenone, a well known bark beetle anti-aggregation pheromone, with that of acetophenone on the attraction of D. brevicomis to its aggregation pheromone in a ponderosa pine forest in northern California. We tested the D. brevicomis aggregation pheromone alone and with three different release ratios of the aggregation pheromone (attractant) to verbenone or acetophenone (1 : 1, 1 : 2 and 1 : 5).2 All treatments containing acetophenone or verbenone resulted in a significant reduction in the catch of D. brevicomis relative to the aggregation pheromone alone. When beetle responses to the three verbenone or three acetophenone treatments were pooled, the pooled verbenone treatment caught more D. brevicomis than the pooled acetophenone treatment.3 There was no significant difference in the number of D. brevicomis caught among the three release rates of verbenone. By contrast, the 1 : 2 attractant : acetophenone ratio attracted significantly more D. brevicomis than the traps with the 1 : 5 attractant : acetophenone ratio.4 Attraction of a major predator, Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim) (Coleoptera: Trogositidae), to the aggregation pheromone of D. brevicomis was reduced by verbenone, but not by acetophenone. Moreover, the T. chlorodia : D. brevicomis ratio for the pooled acetophenone treatment was 1.7-fold greater than that for the attractant alone and two-fold greater than the ratio for the pooled verbenone treatment, suggesting that acetophenone would not disrupt populations of this natural enemy. The importance of anti-attractants in the biology of D. brevicomis and other bark beetles is discussed.10aDendroctonus brevicomis1 aErbilgin, Nadir1 aGillette, Nancy, E.1 aOwen, Donald, R.1 aMori, Sylvia, R.1 aNelson, Andrew, S.1 aUzoh, Fabian1 aWood, David, L.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/acetophenone-superior-verbenone-reducing-attraction-western-pine-beetle-dendroctonus-brevicomis-its02077nas a2200217   4500008004100000020001400041245012500055210006900180260001000249300001200259490000700271520131100278653002801589100001701617700002101634700001701655700001801672700001701690700001701707856013501724       2007                        eng d  a0098-033100aAcetophenone as an anti-attractant for the western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)0 aAcetophenone as an antiattractant for the western pine beetle De  cApril  a817-8230 v333 aHost location and colonization by bark beetles is dependent upon the relative and absolute amounts of attractant and antiattractant compounds available. Many investigations have lead to use of antiattractants for the management of these pests and have been especially focused on verbenone. However, recent studies have identified new antiattractants for several species of bark beetles. We report results of recent investigations of the response of western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, to two recently identified antiattractants, acetophenone, and fenchyl alcohol, with verbenone as a standard of comparison, in northern California. Release of both acetophenone and verbenone resulted in significantly lower trap catches of D. brevicomis in aggregation pheromone-baited traps, while fenchyl alcohol was inactive. Acetophenone was the only antiattractant that did not reduce numbers of the most abundant predator of D. brevicomis, Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim), responding to the attractant pheromone of its prey. Aggregation pheromone-baited traps with acetophenone also had the highest predator/prey ratio. Our results suggest that acetophenone may be part of the intra- and interspecific interactions among sympatric species of bark beetles and may have application in their control.10aDendroctonus brevicomis1 aErbilgin, N.1 aGillette, N., E.1 aMori, S., R.1 aStein, J., D.1 aOwen, D., R.1 aWood, D., L.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/acetophenone-anti-attractant-western-pine-beetle-dendroctonus-brevicomis-leconte-coleoptera-scolytid03797nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245014200055210006900197260001100266300001200277490000800289520304800297653002703345100002703372700002003399700002503419700002403444856013503468       2012                        eng d  a0378-112700aRestoration of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata)-hardwood ecosystems severely impacted by the southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis)0 aRestoration of shortleaf pine Pinus echinatahardwood ecosystems   cJun 15  a181-2000 v2743 aIn the Southern Appalachian Mountains of eastern USA, pine-hardwood ecosystems have been severely impacted by the interactions of past land use, fire exclusion, drought, and southern pine beetle (SPB, Dendroctonus frontalis). We examined the effects of restoration treatments: burn only (BURN); cut + burn on dry sites (DC + B); cut + burn on sub-mesic sites (MC + B); and reference sites (REF; no cutting or burning) on shortleaf pine-hardwood forests. We also evaluated the effectiveness of seeding native bluestem grasses. Structural (down wood, live and dead standing trees, shrubs, herbaceous layer) and functional (forest floor mass, C, and N; soil C, N, P. and cations; and soil solution N and P) attributes were measured before and the first and second growing seasons after treatment. We used path analysis to test our conceptual model that restoration treatments will have direct and indirect effects on these ecosystems. Total aboveground mass loss ranged from 24.33 Mg ha-1 on the BURN to 74.44 Mg ha-1 on the DC + B treatment; whereas, REF gained 13.68 Mg ha-1 between pre-burn and post-burn. Only DC + B sites had increased soil NO3-N, NH4-N Ca, Mg, and PO4-P and soil solution NO3-N, NH4-N, O-PO4 for several months. We found a significant increase in the density of oak species (Quercus alba, Q. coccinea, Q. montana, Q. rubra, and Q. velutina) on all burn treatments. However, oaks accounted for a smaller proportion of the total stem density than red maple, other tree species, and shrubs. The high densities of woody species other than oaks, coupled with the fast growth rates of some of these species, suggests that oaks will continue to be at a competitive disadvantage in these pine-hardwood communities through time, without further intervention. Pine regeneration was not improved on any of our burned sites with little to no recruitment of pines into the understory after two years and the pine saplings that were present before the burns were killed by fire on all sites. We found an increase in herbaceous layer cover and richness on all fire treatments. DC + B had higher bluestem grass cover than the other treatments, and it was the only treatment with increased bluestem grass cover between the first (2.96%, SE = 0.29) and second (6.88%, SE = 0.70) growing seasons. Our path model showed that fire severity explained a large proportion of the variation in overstory response; and fire severity and overstory response partially explained soil NO3-N. These variables, directly and indirectly, explained 64% of the variation in soil solution NO3-N at 30 cm soil depth (within the rooting zone for most plants). We found a good-fit path model for herbaceous layer response in the second growing season, where fire severity had direct effects on overstory and herbaceous layer responses and indirect effects on herbaceous layer response mediated through overstory response. Our path model explained 46% and 42% of the variation in herbaceous layer cover and species richness, respectively. Published by Elsevier B.V.10aDendroctonus frontalis1 aElliott, Katherine, J.1 aVose, James, M.1 aKnoepp, Jennifer, D.1 aClinton, Barton, D.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/restoration-shortleaf-pine-pinus-echinata-hardwood-ecosystems-severely-impacted-southern-pine-beetle02621nas a2200205   4500008004500000020002500045245011100070210006900181260000800250300001400258490000800272520189700280653001702177653000802194653002702202100002002229700002302249700002502272856011802297       2011                        Engldsh    a0013-8746; 1938-290100aEffects of Various Semiochemicals on the Responses of Rhyzopertha dominica to Pheromone Traps in the Field0 aEffects of Various Semiochemicals on the Responses of Rhyzoperth  cNov  a1297-13020 v1043 aFeeding male Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) produces two pheromones Dominicalure-1 (DL-1) and Dominicalure-2 (DL-2), which attracts adults of both sexes. In field experiments conducted in Oklahoma, R. dominica captures in multiple funnel traps deployed with its pheromones, ethanol, or both, green-leaf volatiles (GLV), plant essential oils, or synthetic pheromones for Ips spp., Dendroctonus spp., or Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) were examined. The bark beetle lures were evaluated at the release rate recommended for the respective insects. The number of insects trapped increased when R. dominica lure was combined with ethanol, whereas beetle captures neither were enhanced nor inhibited when the lure was combined with GLV, 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-l-one (MCH), or plant essential oil mixtures turpentine, from Pinus spp., and cedar wood oil, from Juniperus spp. (Coniferales: Pinaceae and Cupressaceae). Similarly, the numbers of captured R. dominica did not significantly differ when R. dominica lures were supplemented with ipsdienol, ipsenol, cis-verbenol, or pityol. Conversely, the combination of R. dominica lures with exo-brevicomin, frontalin, and commercial lure for S. multistriatus, containing the bicyclic ketal multistriatin, resulted in significantly fewer captures of R. dominica. The presence of live males of the closely related species Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) decreased the number of captured R. dominica by >70% compared with captures in traps baited with R. dominica's natural pheromone alone. Results support the hypothesis that grain-infesting R. dominica evolved from forest-inhabiting ancestors and retained behavioral traits for semiochemical interactions with other wood-boring beetle species. Such interspecific interactions have potential for exploitation in pest management programs against R. dominica.10aDendroctonus10aIps10aScolytus multistriatus1 aEdde, Peter, A.1 aToews, Michael, D.1 aPhillips, Thomas, W.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/effects-various-semiochemicals-responses-rhyzopertha-dominica-pheromone-traps-field01820nas a2200181   4500008004100000020001400041245008600055210006900141260000800210300001200218490000700230520120900237653002701446100001801473700001701491700001901508856011101527       2011                        eng d  a0046-225X00aPredicting County-Level Southern Pine Beetle Outbreaks From Neighborhood Patterns0 aPredicting CountyLevel Southern Pine Beetle Outbreaks From Neigh  cApr  a273-2800 v403 aThe southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is the most destructive insect in southern forests. States have kept county-level records on the locations of beetle outbreaks for the past 50 yr. This study determined how accurately patterns of county-level infestations in preceding years could predict infestation occurrence in the current year and if there were emergent patterns that correlated strongly with beetle outbreaks. A variety of methods were tested as infestation predictors, including quantification of either the exact locations of infested grid cells during one or two preceding years, or the neighborhood infestation intensity (number of infested cells in a neighborhood) in these years. The methods had similar predictive abilities, but the simpler methods performed somewhat better than the more complex ones. The factors most correlated with infestations in future years were infestation in the current year and the number of surrounding counties that were infested. Infestation history helped to predict the probability of future infestations in a region, but county-level patterns alone left much of the year-to-year variability unexplained.10aDendroctonus frontalis1 aDuehl, Adrian1 aBishir, John1 aHain, Fred, P.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/predicting-county-level-southern-pine-beetle-outbreaks-neighborhood-patterns02315nas a2200181   4500008004100000020001400041245009800055210006900153260001500222300001200237490000800249520166400257653002701921100002201948700002001970700001901990856012402009       2011                        eng d  a0378-112700aSouthern pine beetle regional outbreaks modeled on landscape, climate and infestation history0 aSouthern pine beetle regional outbreaks modeled on landscape cli  cFebruary 1  a473-4790 v2613 aThe southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis, SPB) is the major insect pest of pine species in the southeastern United States. It attains outbreak population levels sufficient to mass attack host pines across the landscape at scales ranging from a single forest stand to interstate epidemics. This county level analysis selected and examined the best climatic and landscape variables for predicting infestations at regional scales. The analysis showed that, for a given county, the most important factor in predicting outbreaks was that the county was classified as in outbreak status in the previous year. Other important factors included minimum winter temperature and the greatest difference between the average of daily minimums and a subsequent low temperature point, precipitation history either seasonally in the previous year or difference from average over the previous 2 years, the synchronizing effect of seasonal temperatures on beetle populations and the relative percentage of total forest area composed of host species. The statistical models showed that climatic variables are stronger indicators of outbreak likelihood than landscape structure and cover variables. Average climatic conditions were more likely to lead to outbreaks than extreme conditions, supporting the notion of coupling between a native insect and its native host. Still, some extreme events (i.e., periods of very low temperature or very high precipitation) did precede beetle infestation. This analysis suggested that there are predisposing and inciting factors at the large scale but the driving factors leading to individual infestations operate at smaller scales.10aDendroctonus frontalis1 aDuehl, Adrian, J.1 aKoch, Frank, H.1 aHain, Fred, P.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/southern-pine-beetle-regional-outbreaks-modeled-landscape-climate-and-infestation-history01825nas a2200229   4500008004100000020001400041245006200055210005800117260000900175300001000184490000700194520117800201653001701379100001601396700001701412700001701429700001401446700001801460700001901478700001901497856007901516       2009                        eng d  a1488-838600aThe importance of taxonomy in responses to invasive alien0 aimportance of taxonomy in responses to invasive alien  c2009  a92-990 v103 aInvasive alien species (IAS) cause major economic losses and threaten biodiversity worldwide. Tar information is essential to initiating defence against IAS, including early detection and identification of new IAS ou We demonstrate how current IAS strategies (i.e. prevention of new invasions, early detection and rapid response invaders and management of established invaders) require strong taxonomic infrastructure. Examples are given from ti molluscs (Gastropoda) and insects such as the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), vector flies of the families Culicidae and Calliphoridae (Diptera,), Sirex noctihb (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) woo and Dendroctonus bark beetles and the cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham) (Col( Curculionidae), that demonstrate the role of taxonomy in AS response. Further, we show through the example of the ! Ash Borer, Agri/us planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), how international co-operation is essential to idea outbreaks of IAS. Such international co-operation is especially important because few countries can fund comprehens identification organizations alone.10aDendroctonus1 aDouglas, H.1 aDang, P., T.1 aGill, B., D.1 aHuber, J.1 aMason, P., G.1 aParker, D., J.1 aSinclair, B.J.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/importance-taxonomy-responses-invasive-alien02003nas a2200193   4500008004500000245015600045210006900201260001000270300001200280490000700292520122200299653002701521653000801548100003201556700002901588700002901617700002801646856013501674       2008                        Spandsh  00aKairomonal response of coleopterans associated with Dendroctonus frontalis and two Ips species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in forest of Chiapas, Mexico0 aKairomonal response of coleopterans associated with Dendroctonus  cjunio  a175-1830 v793 aWe assessed the bark beetle diversity and the response of associated predators to aggregation pheromones in pine forests in Chiapas, Mexico. From June to October 2006, 40 Lindgren funnel traps were established with different baits that included frontalin, ipsenol and ipsdienol pheromones and a control (without pheromone). We registered the attractiveness of frontalin to the bark beetle Dendroctonus frontalis (Zimmermann), and ipsenol and ipsdienol to Ips spp. Kairomonal specific response of the predators Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim), Enoclerus ablusus (Ban) and Elacatis sp. was detected. We registered an important increase in abundance of bark beetles and predators during the summer to the beginning of fall. T. chlorodia exhibited differential attraction to the three pheromones evaluated, whereas E. ablusus, Elacatis sp. and Leptostylus sp. were significantly attracted to ipsenol and ipsdienol. This is the first report of kairomonal response of the phytophagous Leptostylus sp. (Cerambycidae) for Mexico. Our results showed that inter-and intra-specific communication between different bark beetles and associated species may occur, which promotes competitive and predator interaction between them.10aDendroctonus frontalis10aIps1 aDominguez-Sanchez, Bernando1 aMacias-Samano, Jorge, E.1 aRamirez-Marcial, Neptali1 aLeon-Cortes, Jorger, L.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/kairomonal-response-coleopterans-associated-dendroctonus-frontalis-and-two-ips-species-coleoptera-cu02209nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245009800055210006900153260000800222300001400230490000700244520158700251653002801838100002201866700002801888856012301916       2011                        eng d  a0098-033100aOleoresin Chemistry Mediates Oviposition Behavior and Fecundity of a Tree-Killing Bark Beetle0 aOleoresin Chemistry Mediates Oviposition Behavior and Fecundity   cNov  a1177-11830 v373 aMany herbivores are sensitive to the secondary chemistry of their host plants. However, the influence of pine secondary chemicals (monoterpenes) on bark beetle fitness is poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that the monoterpene composition of the phloem oleoresin of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa var scopulorum, mediates rates of host acceptance, oviposition behavior, and fecundity of the western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis. We performed reciprocal rearing experiments, controlling for the monoterpene composition (chemotype) of host material. We tested the effects of two geographically interspersed host chemotypes on beetles with unknown (wild) and known (reared F1) chemical histories. Host chemotype and insect chemical history did not affect rates of acceptance of host material by female beetles. Insect chemical history affected egg gallery construction, and beetles constructed egg galleries that were on average 24.3% longer when reared in host material that was chemically similar to their natal host material. However, mean egg gallery lengths did not differ between host chemotypes. Insect chemical history also influenced fecundity: F1 beetles produced 52.7% more offspring on average when reared in host material that was chemically similar to their natal host. Our experiments demonstrate that the chemical history of bark beetles mediates egg gallery construction and fecundity, but not host acceptance. This implicates chemical history as a more important factor than host chemotype in the oviposition behavior and fecundity of D. brevicomis.10aDendroctonus brevicomis1 aDavis, Thomas, S.1 aHofstetter, Richard, W.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/oleoresin-chemistry-mediates-oviposition-behavior-and-fecundity-tree-killing-bark-beetle02030nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245013600055210006900191260000900260300001200269490000700281520137900288653001701667100001801684700002301702856013501725       2009                        eng d  a0046-225X00aEffects of gallery density and species ratio on the fitness and fecundity of two sympatric bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)0 aEffects of gallery density and species ratio on the fitness and   cJune  a639-6500 v383 aInterspecific interactions among tree-killing bark beetle species may have ecologically important consequences on beetle population dynamics. Using two tree-killing beetle species (Dendroctonus brevicomis and D. frontalis), we performed observational and experimental studies to verify cross-attraction and co-colonization under field conditions in northern Arizona and test the effects of gallery density and species ratio on response variables of average gallery length, offspring size (progeny fitness), and offspring production per centimeter gallery (fecundity). Our results show that both D. frontalis and D. brevicomis aggregate to pheromones synthesized de novo by D. brevicomis under field conditions and that galleries of both D. brevicomis and D. frontalis occurred together in the same region of a single host tree with significant frequency. In experimental manipulations of species ratios, the presence of conspecific beetles in the gallery environment strongly mediated fecundity, but D. frontalis was the only species that suffered negative impacts from the presence of heterospecific beetles in the gallery environment. interactions did not result in any apparent fitness effects for progeny of either species, which suggests that multispecies aggregations and co-colonization may be a dominant ecological strategy in the region and result in niche sharing.10aDendroctonus1 aDavis, T., S.1 aHofstetter, R., W.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/effects-gallery-density-and-species-ratio-fitness-and-fecundity-two-sympatric-bark-beetles-coleopter01835nas a2200217   4500008004100000020001400041245007400055210006900129260000800198300001400206490000700220520113600227653001701363100003001380700002501410700001701435700002101452700002101473700002301494856010001517       2011                        eng d  a0962-108300aMountain pine beetle host-range expansion threatens the boreal forest0 aMountain pine beetle hostrange expansion threatens the boreal fo  cMay  a2157-21710 v203 aThe current epidemic of the mountain pine beetle (MPB), an indigenous pest of western North American pine, has resulted in significant losses of lodgepole pine. The leading edge has reached Alberta where forest composition shifts from lodgepole to jack pine through a hybrid zone. The susceptibility of jack pine to MPB is a major concern, but there has been no evidence of host-range expansion, in part due to the difficulty in distinguishing the parentals and their hybrids. We tested the utility of a panel of microsatellite loci optimized for both species to classify lodgepole pine, jack pine and their hybrids using simulated data. We were able to accurately classify simulated individuals, and hence applied these markers to identify the ancestry of attacked trees. Here we show for the first time successful MPB attack in natural jack pine stands at the leading edge of the epidemic. This once unsuitable habitat is now a novel environment for MPB to exploit, a potential risk which could be exacerbated by further climate change. The consequences of host-range expansion for the vast boreal ecosystem could be significant.10aDendroctonus1 aCullingham, Catherine, I.1 aCooke, Janice, E. K.1 aDang, Sophie1 aDavis, Corey, S.1 aCooke, Barry, J.1 aColtman, David, W.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/mountain-pine-beetle-host-range-expansion-threatens-boreal-forest02264nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245020400055210006900259260000800328300000800336490000700344520154300351653002701894100001801921700002001939856013501959       2012                        eng d  a1049-964400aThe effect of larval predators Thanasimus dubius (Coleoptera: Cleridae), produced by an improved system of rearing, against the southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)0 aeffect of larval predators Thanasimus dubius Coleoptera Cleridae  cJan  a1-60 v603 aThe southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (SPB), is known to be a major bark beetle pest of pines throughout the southeastern United States. A common predator of bark beetles, Thanasimus dubius (Coleoptera: Cleridae), has been suggested to play a prevalent role on SPB dynamics. Evaluations of T. dubius have been limited by rearing methods; an artificial diet for larval T. dubius exists, and preservatives such as sorbic acid could help to maximize diet shelf-life and enhance the efficiency of the rearing system. The effects of sorbic acid at different concentrations (0%, 0.1% and 0.2%) in the larval diet for T. dubius were measured, and the effects of increased feeding time intervals (2-3 vs. 5 days) on predator performance evaluated. In addition, an experimental bioassay was conducted where newly hatched T. dubius larvae were released at four densities (0, 50, 100, and 200 per log) on pine logs infested by SPB. Sorbic acid in the diet reduced female fecundity (by 20-40%), but did not affect adult T. dubius size or longevity. However, using this preservative may not be necessary because it had no effect on the overall efficiency of the rearing system, while refreshing the larval diet every 5 days (compared with 2-3 days) did improve its efficiency, even without sorbic acid. The release of larval T. dubius resulted in a highly significant effect on the SPB ratio of increase (RI). This experiment was facilitated by the improvements in our rearing methods. Published by Elsevier Inc.10aDendroctonus frontalis1 aCosta, Arnaud1 aReeve, John, D.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/effect-larval-predators-thanasimus-dubius-coleoptera-cleridae-produced-improved-system-rearing-again02401nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245012400055210006900179260000800248300001200256490000700268520176600275653001702041100001802058700002002076856013502096       2011                        eng d  a1461-955500aUpwind flight response of the bark beetle predator Thanasimus dubius towards olfactory and visual cues in a wind tunnel0 aUpwind flight response of the bark beetle predator Thanasimus du  cAug  a283-2900 v133 a1 The checkered beetle Thanasimus dubius (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) is a common predator in North America that feeds on bark beetles (mostly Ips and Dendroctonus spp.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Despite numerous field-trapping studies on this predator, the response of individual T. dubius to bark beetle pheromones, host tree volatiles and visual stimuli has seldom been studied in the laboratory. 2 We present a detailed description of T. dubius chemotactic behaviour using wind tunnel observations. We investigated the effect of a synomone, the tree volatile apinene, on the T. dubius response towards two kairomones, ipsenol and frontalin, which are, respectively, principal components of Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff) and Dendroctonus frontalis (Zimmermann) prey pheromones. We also compared the chemotactic responses of predators to vanilla (an artificial flavour) and a-pinene, and the response to black and white silhouettes presented near the volatile source. 3 The mean rate of one antennal behaviour (called 'stand up') was significantly higher when adult T. dubius were exposed to a semiochemical relative to a blank (no chemical) or to vanilla. The percentage of upwind flights (insects landing upwind and performing at least one 'stand up' antennal behaviour) was also significantly higher for semiochemical treatments. The presence of a-pinene did not increase significantly the T. dubius response to ipsenol or frontalin. Predators landed more frequently near black silhouettes but the difference was not significant. 4 Percentages of predators landing closer than 40 cm to the semiochemical source increased significantly during the second trial (43-63%), suggesting a possible effect of experience on chemotactic behaviour.10aDendroctonus1 aCosta, Arnaud1 aReeve, John, D.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/upwind-flight-response-bark-beetle-predator-thanasimus-dubius-towards-olfactory-and-visual-cues-wind02484nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245015900055210006900214260001000283300001200293490000800305520170600313653002702019100001802046700001802064700001702082700001802099700002602117856013502143       2007                        eng d  a0022-049300aDevelopment of a satellite-based hazard rating system for Dendroctonus frontallis frontalis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas0 aDevelopment of a satellitebased hazard rating system for Dendroc  cApril  a381-3880 v1003 aThe southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), is the most damaging forest insect pest of pines (Pinus spp.) throughout the southeastern United States. Hazard rating schemes have been developed for D. frontalis, but for these schemes to be accurate and effective, they require extensive on-site measurements of stand attributes such as host density, age, and basal area. We developed a stand bazard-rating scheme for several watersheds in the Ouachita Highlands of Arkansas based upon remotely sensed data and a geographic information system. A hazard model was developed using stand attributes (tree species, stand age and density, pine basal area, and landform information) and was used to establish baseline hazard maps for the watersheds. Landsat 7 ETM+ data were used for developing new hazard maps. Two dates of Landsat imagery were used in the analyses (August 1999 and October 1999). The highest correlations between hazard rating scores and remotely sensed variables from either of the dates included individual Landsat 7 ETM+ bands in the near- and mid-infrared regions as well as variables derived from various bands (i.e., Tasseled cap parameters, principal component parameters, and vegetation indices such as the calculated simple ratio and normalized difference vegetation index). Best subset regression analyses produced models to predict stand hazard to southern pine beetle that consisted of similar variables that resembled but were more detailed than maps produced using inverse distance weighted techniques. Although the models are specific for the study area, with modifications, they should be transferable to geographically similar areas.10aDendroctonus frontalis1 aCook, Stephen1 aCherry, Shane1 aHumes, Karen1 aGuldin, James1 aWilliams, Christopher  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/development-satellite-based-hazard-rating-system-dendroctonus-frontallis-frontalis-coleoptera-scolyt02372nas a2200193   4500008004500000020001400045245010500059210006900164260000900233300001400242490000700256520167300263653002701936100002001963700002401983700002202007700001902029856013002048       2008                        Engldsh    a0045-506700aForest composition following overstory mortality from southern pine beetle and associated treatments0 aForest composition following overstory mortality from southern p  cJune  a1406-14180 v383 aBark beetle caused mortality continues to play a critical role in determining the composition and structure of forests in North America, and revegetation dynamics following these disturbances are poorly understood. We assessed forest composition following southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, mortality and associated cut and leave suppression, and compared them with undisturbed loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., stands in Texas. Abundant hardwood regeneration dominated the understory, with little loblolly pine regeneration following either mortality event. Disturbances eliminated loblolly pine dominance in these even-aged stands, thus stratifying forest structure and apparently increasing stem density (stems[center dot]ha[long dash]1), richness (species[center dot]ha[long dash]1), and diversity (ha) in the lower strata. Aspect and elevation, presumably through influences on site moisture, were the primary gradients associated with vegetation variation in the canonical correspondence analyses for new regeneration. Mortality from Dendroctonus and cut and leave practices shifted loblolly pine communities to mixed upland hardwoods in model predictions generated by the southern variant of the Forest Vegetation Simulator. In addition to being an effective bark beetle control, cut and leave suppression did not alter predicted forest composition 50 years hence when compared with unsuppressed bark beetle-caused mortality. Because of the predicted shift to hardwood domination and a low pine basal area, it is expected that mortality from D. frontalis and cut and leave will substantially reduce future hazards from D. frontalis outbreaks.10aDendroctonus frontalis1 aColeman, T., W.1 aClarke, Stephen, R.1 aMeeker, James, R.1 aRieske, L., K.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/forest-composition-following-overstory-mortality-southern-pine-beetle-and-associated-treatments02254nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245013700055210006900192260000800261300001000269490000700279520154700286653002701833100001801860700001601878700001601894700001501910856013501925       2010                        eng d  a0022-300X00aDescription of Parasitorhabditis frontali n. sp (Nemata: Rhabditida) from Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)0 aDescription of Parasitorhabditis frontali n sp Nemata Rhabditida  cMar  a46-540 v423 aA new Parasitorhabditis species with males and females was discovered from the southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis and its galleries in loblolly pine. Pinus taeda, growing in Mississippi. Females of the new species have a cupola-shaped tail with a small spike; males possess a 2 + (3+2) + 3 ray pattern on the tail fan with ray 10 reaching the margin, and a distinctive stomatal tooth. Parasitorhabditis frontali n. sp. has some similarities to P. hylurgi Massey, 1974 from Hylurgops pinifex in New York, USA, P. terebranus Massey, 1974 from D. terebrans (Olivier, 1795) in Texas USA, P. ligniperdae Fuchs, 1915 from Hylergops ligniperda (Fabricius, 1787) and P dendroctoni Ruhm, 1956 from D. micans (Kugelann, 1794) in Europe, P alert Fuchs, 1915 isolated from the beetle Hylastes ater (Paykull, 1800) in Germany and P. malii Devdariani and Kakulia, 1970 from Scolytus mali (Bechstein, 1805) within the republic of Georgia. Morphometrics for 44 species of Parasitorhabditis are provided to update older keys. Parasitorhabditis frontali n. sp. was initially grown on Malt Extract (ME) agar with its own microbial contaminants that included a bacterium and fungus. The nematode also grew and reproduced after slices of ME agar with nematodes and microbial contaminants were transferred to water agar. It was killed by E. coil on NGM agar plates commonly used to raise other Rhabditida. Drawings of diagnostic anatomy and low-temperature SEM images of bodies, heads, and tails are provided for cultured specimens from pine beetle frass.10aDendroctonus frontalis1 aCarta, L., K.1 aBauchan, G.1 aHsu, C., Y.1 aYuceer, C.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/description-parasitorhabditis-frontali-n-sp-nemata-rhabditida-dendroctonus-frontalis-zimmermann-cole02219nas a2200241   4500008004500000020001400045245012000059210006900179260001000248300001200258490000700270520136700277653002701644100002201671700002301693700002201716700002201738700002401760700002201784700002101806700001501827856013501842       2008                        Engldsh    a0921-297300aSimulating the reciprocal interaction of forest landscape structure and southern pine beetle herbivory using LANDIS0 aSimulating the reciprocal interaction of forest landscape struct  cApril  a403-4150 v233 aThe reciprocal interaction of landscape structure and ecological processes is a cornerstone of modern landscape ecology. We use a simulation model to show how landscape structure and herbivory interact to influence outbreaks of southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann) in a landscape representative of the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA. We use LANDIS and its biological disturbance agent module to simulate the effects of landscape composition (proportion of landscape in host area) and host aggregation on the size and severity of insect outbreaks and the persistence of the host species, Table Mountain Pine (Pinus pungens Lamb.). We find that landscape composition is less important in the modeled landscapes than host aggregation in structuring the severity of insect outbreaks. Also, simulated southern pine beetle outbreaks over time tend to decrease the aggregation of host species on the landscape by fragmenting large patches into smaller ones, thereby reducing the severity of future outbreaks. Persistence of Table Mountain pine decreases throughout all simulations regardless of landscape structure. The results of this study indicate that when considering alternative restoration strategies for insect-affected landscapes, it is necessary to consider the patterns of hosts on the landscape as well as the landscape composition.10aDendroctonus frontalis1 aCairns, David, M.1 aLafon, Charles, W.1 aWaldron, John, D.1 aTchakerian, Maria1 aCoulson, Robert, N.1 aKlepzig, Kier, D.1 aBirt, Andrew, G.1 aXi, Weimin  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/simulating-reciprocal-interaction-forest-landscape-structure-and-southern-pine-beetle-herbivory-usin01875nas a2200193   4500008004500000020001400045245010700059210006900166260001300235300001200248490000800260520118500268653001701453100002101470700002501491700001901516700001901535856012701554       2008                        Engldsh    a0378-112700aHolocene records of Dendroctonus bark beetles in high elevation pine forests of Idaho and Montana, USA0 aHolocene records of Dendroctonus bark beetles in high elevation   cMarch 20  a836-8460 v2553 aPaleoecological reconstructions from two lakes in the U.S. northern Rocky Mountain region of Idaho and Montana revealed the presence of bark beetle elytra and head capsules (cf. Dendroctonus spp., most likely D. ponderosae, mountain pine beetle). Occurrence of these macrofossils during the period of time associated with the 1920/1930 a.d. mountain pine beetle outbreak at Baker Lake, Montana suggest that when beetle populations reach epidemic levels, beetle remains may be found in the lake sediments. In addition to the beetle remains found at Baker Lake during the 20th century, remains were also identified from ca. 8331, 8410, and 8529 cal yr BP. At Hoodoo Lake, Idaho remains were found at ca. 7954 and 8163 cal yr BP. These Holocene records suggest the infestations occurred during a period when climate changed rapidly to cooler and effectively wetter than present in forests dominated by whitebark pine. These two lake records provide the first preliminary data for understanding the long-term history of climatic influences on Dendroctonus bark beetle activity, which may be useful for predicting climate and stand conditions when mountain pine beetle activity occurs.10aDendroctonus1 aBrunelle, Andrea1 aRehfeldt, Gerald, E.1 aBentz, Barbara1 aMunson, Steven  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/holocene-records-dendroctonus-bark-beetles-high-elevation-pine-forests-idaho-and-montana-usa02814nas a2200181   4500008004100000245015400041210006900195260001200264300001900276490000800295520209700303653002702400100001702427700001902444700001702463700001702480856013502497       2009                        eng d00aDocumentation and user guides for SPBLOB: a computer simulation model of the joint population dynamics for loblolly pine and the southern pine beetle0 aDocumentation and user guides for SPBLOB a computer simulation m  cJanuary  ai-vii, 1, 3-830 v1143 aSPBLOB is a computer simulation model for the interaction between loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), the economically most important forest crop in the United States, and the southern pine beetle (SPB: Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.), the major insect pest for this species. The model simulates loblolly pine stands from time of planting until harvest. It mimics day-to-day changes in SPB populations, and the associated tree mortality caused by these bark beetles. In addition, it provides yearly updates of tree mortality due to competition and of growth for the surviving trees. Chiely, the model and its simulation codes are designed to function as research tools for investigating the inluence of stand properties on SPB activities, and of the reciprocal impact of beetles on tree mortality. Model output relates to both trees and beetles. Simulations provide daily and yearly luctuations in the size, composition, and spread of beetle populations within a stand. Stand types (e.g., plantations derived from seedlings or from clonally generated materials) can be compared in terms of average total merchantable volume of timber per acre at time of harvest and/or by average proportions of surviving trees. Average stand yields in the presence of beetles can also be compared with those when beetles are absent, thus providing a basis for estimating the real cost of beetle damage in loblolly stands. In this Documentation we briely describe the model, then outline the concepts and structure upon which the SPBLOB simulation source code is based. The included User Guides specify the input information regarding a loblolly stand and its environment required to run two executable Simulation Codes - a single-stand Interactive Simulation code, in which a user can specify features they wish the simulated stand to possess, and a Multiple-Simulation code that can be used to run large numbers of independent replicates of various stand designs. These Guides also describe the extensive variety of information about simulated tree and beetle populations that can be retrieved during simulations.10aDendroctonus frontalis1 aBishir, John1 aRoberds, James1 aStrom, Brian1 aWan, Xiaohai  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/documentation-and-user-guides-spblob-computer-simulation-model-joint-population-dynamics-loblolly-pi02604nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245012700055210006900182260000800251300001000259490001000269520194500279653002702224100002502251700002302276856013502299       2010                        eng d  a0363-622400aA Methodology for Assessing Annual Risk of Southern Pine Beetle Outbreaks Across the Southern Region Using Pheromone Traps0 aMethodology for Assessing Annual Risk of Southern Pine Beetle Ou  cSep  a73-850 v802 13 aAn operational system to forecast infestation trends (increasing, static, declining) and relative population levels (high, moderate, low) of the southern pine beetle (SPB), Dendroctonus frontalis, has been implemented in the Southern and Eastern United States. Numbers of dispersing SPB and those of a major predator (the clerid beetle, Thanasimus dubius) are monitored with multiple-funnel traps baited with the SPB aggregation pheromone frontalin and host volatiles. One to three traps are placed in each county or national forest ranger district to be surveyed for 4 consecutive weeks during the spring, to coincide with the long-range dispersal of SPB. The average number of SPB per trap per day and the ratio of SPB to total catch of SPB and clerids in the current and previous year for the same trapping location are the variables used for predicting infestation trends and population levels for the remainder of the year. An analysis of predicted and actual SPB infestation trends and population levels for 16 States and up to 19 consecutive years (1987-2005) documents the accuracy of the annual prediction system. From 1987 to 1998, predictions at the State level, validated by subsequent infestation detection records for the specific year, proved accurate 68 percent of the time (range 42 to 83 percent) for SPB infestation trend and 69 percent of the time (range 42 to 92 percent) for population level. From 1999 to 2005, the mean accuracy of predictions of SPB infestation trend improved to 82 percent for all States combined (range 71 to 100 percent); mean predictions for population level for States increased in accuracy to 74 percent (range 43 to 100 percent). Despite system limitations, forest managers have come to depend on this early warning system to predict pending outbreaks or collapses of SPB populations. This represents the first effective and validated prediction system for outbreaks of a bark beetle species.10aDendroctonus frontalis1 aBillings, Ronald, F.1 aUpton, William, W.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/methodology-assessing-annual-risk-southern-pine-beetle-outbreaks-across-southern-region-using-pherom01411nas a2200145   4500008004100000245006900041210006900110260000900179300001100188490000800199520092100207653002701128100001701155856009301172       2011                        eng d00aPopulation Dynamics of Southern Pine Beetle in Forest Landscapes0 aPopulation Dynamics of Southern Pine Beetle in Forest Landscapes  c2011  a91-1080 v1403 aSouthern pine beetle (SPB) is an important pest of Southeastern United States pine forests. Periodic regional outbreaks are characterized by localized areas of tree mortality (infestations) surrounded by areas with little or no damage. Ultimately, this spatiotemporal pattern of tree mortality is driven by the dynamics of SPB populations[long dash]more specifically, by rates of survival, reproduction, development, and dispersal. In turn these rates are driven by the interaction between SPB and its hosts, predators, and climate. In this chapter, the relationship between these factors and SPB population ecology are discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on mechanisms that could explain the temporal changes of the population from outbreak to nonoutbreak phases, the dispersal of SPB across a complex forest landscape, and the importance of interpreting the environment using current knowledge of SPB ecology.10aDendroctonus frontalis1 aBirt, Andrew  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/population-dynamics-southern-pine-beetle-forest-landscapes01268nas a2200145   4500008004100000245003300041210003300074260000900107300001200116490000800128520087900136653002701015100001701042856006301059       2011                        eng d00aRegional Population Dynamics0 aRegional Population Dynamics  c2011  a109-1280 v1403 aThe population dynamics of the southern pine beetle (SPB) exhibit characteristic fluctuations between relatively long endemic and shorter outbreak periods. Populations exhibit complex and hierarchical spatial structure with beetles and larvae aggregating within individual trees, infestations with multiple infested trees, and regional outbreaks that comprise a large number of spatially distinct infestations. Every year at least some part of the Southern United States experiences outbreaks, and the large and unpredictable timber losses associated with these make the SPB the most important pest of southern tbrests. This chapter reviews the mechanisms that may drive SPB populations at a regional scale. More specifically, it focuses on the initiation and decline of' outbreaks, the patterns of damage within them, and the utility of this knowledge for managing the SPB.10aDendroctonus frontalis1 aBirt, Andrew  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/regional-population-dynamics02333nas a2200253   4500008004500000020001400045245013000059210006900189260000900258300001200267490000700279520143100286653002801717653002701745653001301772100003001785700002201815700002101837700002301858700002601881700001501907700002201922856013501944       2008                        Engldsh    a0046-225X00aLack of genetic differentiation in aggressive and secondary bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) from Arizona0 aLack of genetic differentiation in aggressive and secondary bark  cJune  a817-8240 v373 aBark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) play an important role as disturbance agents in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson) forests of Arizona. However, from 2001 to 2003, elevated bark beetle activity caused unprecedented levels of ponderosa pine mortality. A better understanding of the population structure of these species will facilitate analysis of their dispersal patterns and improve management strategies. Here, we use fluorescently labeled amplified fragment length polymorphism (fAFLP) analysis to resolve genetic variation among and within sampling locations in northcentral Arizona of Ips pini (Say), Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, and D. frontalis Zimmermann. We generated genetic fingerprints for >500 beetle specimens and analyzed genetic diversity. For all species, gene flow estimates among sampling locations were high, and significant population subdivision was not discernible across a large portion of ponderosa pine forests in Arizona. However, a weak relationship was detected with L pini population structure and elevation. Because of the lack of genetic differentiation detected throughout the large study area, our findings suggest these insects are capable of long distance dispersal and exhibit a high degree of gene flow across abroad region. We conclude that our results are consistent with strong dispersal patterns and large population sizes of all three species.10aDendroctonus brevicomis10aDendroctonus frontalis10aIps pini1 aAllender, Christopher, J.1 aClancy, Karen, M.1 aDeGomez, Tom, E.1 aMcMillin, Joel, D.1 aWoolbright, Scott, A.1 aKeim, Paul1 aWagner, David, M.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/lack-genetic-differentiation-aggressive-and-secondary-bark-beetles-coleoptera-curculionidae-scolytin02704nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245011800055210006900173260000800242300001200250490000700262520200500269653001702274100002102291700002102312700001902333700002302352856013502375       2011                        eng d  a0098-033100aResponses of Bark Beetle-Associated Bacteria to Host Monoterpenes and Their Relationship to Insect Life Histories0 aResponses of Bark BeetleAssociated Bacteria to Host Monoterpenes  cAug  a808-8170 v373 aBark beetles that colonize living conifers and their microbial associates encounter constitutive and induced chemical defenses of their host. Monoterpene hydrocarbons comprise a major component of these allelochemicals, and many are antibiotic to insects, fungi, and bacteria. Some bark beetle species exhaust these defenses by killing their host through mass attacks mediated by aggregation pheromones. Others lack adult aggregation pheromones and do not engage in pheromone-mediated mass attacks, but rather have the ability to complete development within live hosts. In the former species, the larvae develop in tissue largely depleted of host terpenes, whereas in the latter exposure to these compounds persists throughout development. A substantial literature exists on how monoterpenes affect bark beetles and their associated fungi, but little is known of how they affect bacteria, which in turn can influence beetle performance in various manners. We tested several bacteria from two bark beetle species for their ability to grow in the presence of a diversity of host monoterpenes. Bacteria were isolated from the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, which typically kills trees during colonization, and the red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens LeConte, which often lives in their host without causing mortality. Bacteria from D. ponderosae were gram-positive Actinobacteria and Bacilli; one yeast also was tested. Bacteria from D. valens were Actinobacteria, Bacilli, and [gamma]-Proteobacteria. Bacteria from D. valens were more tolerant of monoterpenes than were those from D. ponderosae. Bacteria from D. ponderosae did not grow in the presence of [alpha]-pinene and 3-carene, and grew in, but were inhibited by, [beta]-pinene and [beta]-phellandrene. Limonene and myrcene had little inhibitory effect on bacteria from either beetle species. Tolerance to these antibiotic compounds appears to have resulted from adaptation to living in a terpene-rich environment.10aDendroctonus1 aAdams, Aaron, S.1 aBoone, Celia, K.1 aBohlmann, Jorg1 aRaffa, Kenneth, F.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/responses-bark-beetle-associated-bacteria-host-monoterpenes-and-their-relationship-insect-life-histo02404nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245011600055210006900171260000900240300001400249490000700263520168700270653001701957100001801974700001901992700001602011700002002027700001802047856013302065       2009                        eng d  a0045-506700aEffects of symbiotic bacteria and tree chemistry on the growth and reproduction of bark beetle fungal symbionts0 aEffects of symbiotic bacteria and tree chemistry on the growth a  cJune  a1133-11470 v393 aBark beetles are associated with diverse assemblages of microorganisms, many of which affect their interactions with host plants and natural enemies. We tested how bacterial associates of three bark beetles with various types of host relationships affect growth and reproduction of their symbiotic fungi. Fungi were exposed to volatiles from bacteria in an arena that imposed physical separation but shared airspace. We also exposed fungi to vapors of the host compound, [alpha]-pinene, and to combinations of bacterial volatiles and [alpha]-pinene. Bacterial volatiles commonly stimulated growth of Leptographium procerum (W. B. Kendr.) M. J. Wingf. and Grosmannia clavigera (Rob.- Jeffr. & R.W. Davidson) Zipfel, Z.W. de Beer & Wingf., which are symbiotic fungi of Dendroctonus valens LeConte and Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, respectively. They less commonly stimulated growth of Ophiostoma ips (Rumbold) Nannf., which is associated with Ips grandicollis Eichhoff. Some bacteria inhibited L. procerum, Ophiostoma montium (Rumbold) von Arx (another associate of D. ponderosae), and O. ips. Bacteria greatly stimulated spore production of symbionts of D. valens and D. ponderosae. [alpha]-Pinene strongly affected some of these relationships, causing amplification, reduction, or reversal of the interactions among the bacteria and fungi. Our results show that some bacteria associated with bark beetles directly affect fungal symbionts and interact with tree chemistry to affect fungal growth and sporulation. The strongest effects were induced by bacteria associated with beetles adapted to attacking living trees with vigorous defenses, and on fungal reproductive structures.10aDendroctonus1 aAdams, A., S.1 aCurrie, C., R.1 aCardoza, Y.1 aKlepzig, K., D.1 aRaffa, K., F.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/effects-symbiotic-bacteria-and-tree-chemistry-growth-and-reproduction-bark-beetle-fungal-symbionts01987nas a2200181   4500008004100000020001400041245007600055210006900131260001200200300001400212490000700226520137000233653002701603100002201630700002801652700002301680856010201703       2007                        eng d  a0045-506700aWhy does longleaf pine have low susceptibility to southern pine beetle?0 aWhy does longleaf pine have low susceptibility to southern pine   cOctober  a1966-19770 v373 aPine forests throughout the world are subject to disturbance from tree-killing bark beetles, but pine species differ in their susceptibilities. In the southeastern United States, Pinus palustris Mill. suffers far less mortality from the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, than do its sympatric congeners. We tested the commonly invoked hypothesis that P. palustris has relatively low susceptibility because it has higher oleoresin flow than other pines, especially Pinus taeda L. However, seven studies in three states over 6 years refuted the hypothesis that P. palustris and P. taeda differ in their constitutive resin flow or in their capacity to replace resin depleted by either experimental wounding or natural beetle attacks. Additionally, surveys of natural beetle attacks revealed that P. taeda and P. palustris were equally likely to be attacked and killed when they cooccurred in front of growing infestations. Thus, the relative susceptibility of these two species changes with the spatial scale at which they are mixed, and the strong landscape-scale pattern of low mortality in P. palustris is not because individual trees are physiologically less susceptible. Ultimately, the conspicuous differential impact of D. frontalis on P. taeda and P. palustris may be the product of coevolution between tree defenses and beetle behavior.10aDendroctonus frontalis1 aMartinson, Sharon1 aHofstetter, Richard, W.1 aAyres, Matthew, P.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/why-does-longleaf-pine-have-low-susceptibility-southern-pine-beetle02180nas a2200229   4500008004100000020001400041245011200055210006900167260001000236300001400246490000800260520137200268653001701640100002301657700002501680700002501705700001801730700002301748700001501771700002901786856013501815       2011                        eng d  a0962-845200aInsect outbreaks produce distinctive carbon isotope signatures in defensive resins and fossiliferous ambers0 aInsect outbreaks produce distinctive carbon isotope signatures i  cNov 7  a3219-32240 v2783 aDespite centuries of research addressing amber and its various inclusions, relatively little is known about the specific events having stimulated the production of geologically relevant volumes of plant resin, ultimately yielding amber deposits. Although numerous hypotheses have invoked the role of insects, to date these have proven difficult to test. Here, we use the current mountain pine beetle outbreak in western Canada as an analogy for the effects of infestation on the stable isotopic composition of carbon in resins. We show that infestation results in a rapid (approx. 1 year) 13C enrichment of fresh lodgepole pine resins, in a pattern directly comparable with that observed in resins collected from uninfested trees subjected to water stress. Furthermore, resin isotopic values are shown to track both the progression of infestation and instances of recovery. These findings can be extended to fossil resins, including Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic and Late Cretaceous New Jersey amber, revealing similar carbon-isotopic patterns between visually clean ambers and those associated with the attack of wood-boring insects. Plant exudate [delta]13C values constitute a sensitive monitor of ecological stress in both modern and ancient forest ecosystems, and provide considerable insight concerning the genesis of amber in the geological record.10aDendroctonus1 aMcKellar, Ryan, C.1 aWolfe, Alexander, P.1 aMuehlenbachs, Karlis1 aTappert, Ralf1 aEngel, Michael, S.1 aCheng, Tao1 aSanchez-Azofeifa, Arturo  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/insect-outbreaks-produce-distinctive-carbon-isotope-signatures-defensive-resins-and-fossiliferous-am02525nas a2200217   4500008004500000020001400045245016200059210006900221260001300290300001100303490000700314520171900321653001702040653000802057100002402065700002302089700002102112700002202133700001702155856013502172       2008                        Engldsh    a0046-225X00aInfluence of elevation on bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) community structure and flight periodicity in ponderosa pine forests of Arizona0 aInfluence of elevation on bark beetle Coleoptera Curculionidae S  cFebruary  a94-1090 v373 aWe examined abundance and flight periodicity of five Ips and six Dendroctonus species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) among three different elevation bands in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex. Lawson) forests of northcentral Arizona. Bark beetle populations were monitored at 10 sites in each of three elevation bands (low: 1,600-1,736 m; middle: 2,058-2,230 m; high: 2,505-2,651 m) for 3 yr (2004-2006) using pheromone-baited Lindgren funnel traps. Trap contents were collected weekly from March to December. We also studied temperature differences among the elevation bands and what role this may play in beetle flight behavior. Bark beetles, regardless of species, showed no consistent elevational trend in abundance among the three bands. The higher abundances of Ips lecontei Swaine, I calligraphus ponderosae Swaine, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman, and D. brevicomis LeConte at low and middle elevations offset the greater abundance of I. knausi Swaine, D. adjunctus Blandford, D. approximatus Dietz, and D. valens LeConte at high elevations. I. pini (Say) and L latidens LeConte were found in similar numbers across the three bands. Flight periodicity of several species varied among elevation bands. In general, the flight period shortened as elevation increased; flight initiated later and terminated earlier in the year. The timing, number, and magnitude of peaks in flight activity also varied among the elevation bands. These results suggest that abundance and flight seasonality of several bark beetles are related to elevation and the associated temperature differences. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to bark beetle management and population dynamics10aDendroctonus10aIps1 aWilliams, Kelly, K.1 aMcMillin, Joel, D.1 aDeGomez, Tom, E.1 aClancy, Karen, M.1 aMiller, Andy  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/influence-elevation-bark-beetle-coleoptera-curculionidae-scolytinae-community-structure-and-flight-p01768nas a2200265   4500008004500000020001400045245016900059210006900228260000900297300001200306490000700318520076100325653001701086653002701103653003001130653002701160653002701187653003201214653002901246653002401275100002001299700002001319700002801339856013501367       1998                        Engldsh    a0013-874600aChromosome numbers of Dendroctonus parallelocollis and D. rhizophagus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and new reports of Dendroctonus populations from Mexico and Guatemala0 aChromosome numbers of Dendroctonus parallelocollis and D rhizoph  cJuly  a392-3940 v913 aThe male meiotic karyotypic formulae of Dendroctonus parallelocollis Chapuis and D. rhizophagus Thomas & Bright are 13 AA + Xyp. These karyotypes are similar to those from D. valens LeConte (13 AA + Xyp) and D. terebrans Olivier (12 AA + Xyp), a situation that confirms the taxonomic grouping of these species by morphological characteristics and their status as closely related species. The chromosome numbers and the sexual systems of populations of Dendroctonus adjunctus LeConte, D. approximatus Dietz, D. frontalis Zimmermann, D. mexicanus Hopkins, and D. valens agree with what has been published for these species. No geographic variation in the karyotypes, supernumerary chromosomes, or irregular associations were observed in the species examined.10aDendroctonus10aDendroctonus adjunctus10aDendroctonus approximatus10aDendroctonus frontalis10aDendroctonus mexicanus10aDendroctonus parallelocoris10aDendroctonus rhizophagus10aDendroctonus valens1 aZuniga, Gerardo1 aCisneros, Ramon1 aSalinas-Moreno, Yolanda  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/chromosome-numbers-dendroctonus-parallelocollis-and-d-rhizophagus-coleoptera-scolytidae-and-new-repo02776nas a2200217   4500008004100000020001400041245004800055210004700103260000900150300001200159490000600171520221900177653001702396653000802413653001502421653001202436100002602448700002202474700002402496856003802520       2012                        eng d  a2075-445000aWhat is Next in Bark Beetle Phylogeography?0 aWhat is Next in Bark Beetle Phylogeography  cJune  a453-4720 v33 aBark beetle species within the scolytid genera Dendroctonus, Ips, Pityogenes and Tomicus are known to cause extensive ecological and economical damage in spruce and pine forests during epidemic outbreaks all around the world. Dendroctonus ponderosae poses the most recent example having destroyed almost 100,000 km2 of conifer forests in North America. The success and effectiveness of scolytid species lies mostly in strategies developed over the course of time. Among these, a complex system of semiochemicals promotes the communication and aggregation on the spot of infestation facilitating an en masse attack against a host tree's defenses; or an association with fungi that evolved either in the form of nutrition (ambrosia fungi) or even by reducing the resistance of host trees (blue-stain fungi). Although often specific to a tree genus or species, some bark beetles are polyphagous and have the ability to switch on to new hosts and extend their host range (i.e., between conifer genera such as Pityogenes chalcographus or even from conifer to deciduous trees as Polygraphus grandiclava). A combination of these capabilities in concert with life history or ecological traits explains why bark beetles are considered interesting subjects in evolutionary studies. Several bark beetle species appear in phylogeographic investigations, in an effort to improve our understanding of their ecology, epidemiology and evolution. In this paper investigations that unveil the phylogeographic history of bark beetles are reviewed. A close association between refugial areas and postglacial migration routes that insects and host trees have followed in the last 15,000 BP has been suggested in many studies. Finally, a future perspective of how next generation sequencing will influence the resolution of phylogeographic patterns in the coming years is presented. Utilization of such novel techniques will provide a more detailed insight into the genome of scolytids facilitating at the same time the application of neutral and non-neutral markers. The latter markers in particular promise to enhance the study of eco-physiological reaction types like the so-called pioneer beetles or obligate diapausing individuals.10aDendroctonus10aIps10aPityogenes10aTomicus1 aAvtzis, Dimitrios, N.1 aBertheau, Coralie1 aStauffer, Christian  uhttp://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/3/201567nas a2200205   4500008004500000020001400045245013600059210006900195260001000264300001200274490000700286520077000293653003001063653002801093653002701121653002701148100003101175700002001206856013501226       2000                        Engldsh    a0013-874600aComparative anatomical and histological study of the alimentary canal if the Dendroctonus fontalis (Coleoptera: Scotylidae) complex0 aComparative anatomical and histological study of the alimentary   cMarch  a303-3110 v933 aIn this study we compared the anatomy and histology of the alimentary canal of Dentroctonus approximatus Dietz, D. mexicanus Hopkins, D. frontalis Zimmermann, and D. brevicomis LeConte. The results show that these species share similar characteristics, and their structural pattern is comparable to that observed in other Dendroctonus species. These 4 species have characteristics not found in other bark beetle genera in the esophagus, crop, proventriculus, and hindgut. The close relationship of the Malpighian tubules to posterior foregut, anterior midgut, and distal hindgut is also different. Additionally, the midgut of the D. frontalis complex species shows a great cellular diversity, which suggests that this region may be involved in pheromone production.10aDendroctonus approximatus10aDendroctonus brevicomis10aDendroctonus frontalis10aDendroctonus mexicanus1 aCisneros, Elba, Diaz Ramon1 aZuniga, Gerardo  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/comparative-anatomical-and-histological-study-alimentary-canal-if-dendroctonus-fontalis-coleoptera-s