02411nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245013400055210006900189260001100258300001400269490000700283520167100290653002001961100002501981700003502006700001902041700002202060856013502082       2009                        eng d  a0046-225X00aTake me to your leader: does early successional nonhost vegetation spatially inhibit Pissodes strobi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)?0 aTake me to your leader does early successional nonhost vegetatio  cAugust  a1189-11960 v383 aThe spatial influences of host and nonhost trees and shrubs on the colonization patterns of white pine weevil Pissodes strobi (Peck) were studied within a stand of planted interior hybrid spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss X Picea engelmannii (Parry) ex Engelm.). Planted spruce accounted for one third of all trees within the stand, whereas the remaining two thirds were comprised of early-successional nonhost vegetation, such as alder (Alnus spp.), paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), black cottonwood (Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (T. Ng.) Brayshaw), lodgepole pine I Pinus contorta (Dougl.) ex Loud.), trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx), willow (Salix spp.), and Canadian buffaloberry (Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.). Unlike the spruce trees, nonhost vegetation in the stand was not uniformly distributed. Spatial point process models showed that Canadian buffaloberry, paper birch, black cottonwoood, and trembling aspen had negative associations with damage caused by the weevil, even though the density of the insects' hosts in these areas did not change. Moreover, knowing the locations of these nonhost trees provided as much, or more, inference about the locations of weevil-attacked trees as knowing the locations of suitable or preferred host trees (i.e., those larger in size). Nonhost volatiles, the alteration of soil composition, and overstory shade are discussed as potential explanatory factors for the patterns observed. New research avenues are suggested to determine whether nonhost vegetation in early successional stands might be an additional tool in the management of these insects in commercially important forests.10aPissodes strobi1 aKoopmans, Jordan, M.1 ade la Giroday, Honey-Marie, C.1 aLindgren, B.S.1 aAukema, Brian, H.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/take-me-your-leader-does-early-successional-nonhost-vegetation-spatially-inhibit-pissodes-strobi-col01992nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245009600055210006900151260001100220300001400231490000700245520139100252653002301643100001701666700002201683856011701705       2009                        eng d  a0046-225X00aGenetic structure of Japanese populations of Xylosandrus brevis (Curculionidae: Scolytinae)0 aGenetic structure of Japanese populations of Xylosandrus brevis   cAugust  a1324-13350 v383 aWe examined the genetic structure of populations of an ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus brevis (Eichhoff) (Curculionidae: Scolytinae), to understand its colonization dynamics. We collected specimens from 20 sites in Japan and studied the genetic structure of these populations using portions of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI). A phylogenetic analysis showed three distinct lineages (clades A, B, and Q within X. brevis. Clade A had 65 haplotypes from all the populations, except for populations from Nagano (Chiisagata-gun) and the Ryukyu Islands (Ishigaki), whereas clade B had 14 haplotypes from nine populations (Yamagata, Saitama, Shimo-Minochi-gun, Chiisagatagun, Toyota, Watarai-gun, Wakayama, Tottori, and Kochi), and clade C had 6 haplotypes from the Ryukyu Islands (Ishigaki) population (and nowhere else). Nested clade phylogeographic analysis showed 65 clade A haplotypes and 14 clade B haplotypes geographic-ally structured ill two clades, respectively. A contact zone was identified in the Chubu and Tokai areas. Our results suggest that gene flow and individual movement of X. brevis between the Ryukyu Islands and the other three main islands of Japan has been rare, and X. brevis may be divided into two populations, eastern-central and northern-western, with little gene flow between the four areas of western Japan (Kinki, Chugoku, Shikoku, and Kyushu).10aXylosandrus brevis1 aIto, Masaaki1 aKajimura, Hisashi  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/genetic-structure-japanese-populations-xylosandrus-brevis-curculionidae-scolytinae02310nas a2200157   4500008004100000020001400041245014700055210006900202260001000271300001200281490000700293520167600300653002001976100002101996856013502017       2009                        eng d  a0046-225X00aEffect of weather on Ips typographus (Coleoptera Curculionidae) phenology, voltinism, and associated spruce mortality in the southeastern Alps0 aEffect of weather on Ips typographus Coleoptera Curculionidae ph  cApril  a307-3160 v383 aSummer drought associated with high temperatures recorded in the last few years has given rise to outbreaks of bark beetles developing in weakened host trees. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible weather effect on the biology of and damage caused by Ips typographus L. in the southeastern Alps. The study was carried out recording temperature (1962-2007), precipitation (1922-2007), and the damage caused by L typographus (1993-2007). In addition, data from pheromone-baited traps (1996-2005) provided information on the main periods of flight activity of I. typographus. From 1922 to 2007, precipitation during March-July has decreased [approximately equal]200 mm (-22%), whereas since 1962-2007, mean temperatures during March-July increased [approximately equal]2[degree]C (+13%). Damage caused by I. typographus was inversely correlated with March-July precipitation from the previous year but not correlated with temperature. Increases in spring temperature did not affect the development timing of the first generation, but only changed its onset. Earlier swarming of both over-wintering beetles and first-generation offspring ([approximately equal]20 d sooner over 10 yr), and the early start of the second generation permitted more complete development of the second brood. Voltinism in this species is discussed in relation to thermal and photoperiodic thresholds, indicating that the occurrence of a third generation is limited by the summer photoperiod rather than by temperature. In conclusion, results suggest that spring drought increases damage caused by L typographus in the following year, whereas warmer spring affects insect phenology.10aIps typographus1 aFaccoli, Massimo  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/effect-weather-ips-typographus-coleoptera-curculionidae-phenology-voltinism-and-associated-spruce-mo02030nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245013600055210006900191260000900260300001200269490000700281520137900288653001701667100001801684700002301702856013501725       2009                        eng d  a0046-225X00aEffects of gallery density and species ratio on the fitness and fecundity of two sympatric bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)0 aEffects of gallery density and species ratio on the fitness and   cJune  a639-6500 v383 aInterspecific interactions among tree-killing bark beetle species may have ecologically important consequences on beetle population dynamics. Using two tree-killing beetle species (Dendroctonus brevicomis and D. frontalis), we performed observational and experimental studies to verify cross-attraction and co-colonization under field conditions in northern Arizona and test the effects of gallery density and species ratio on response variables of average gallery length, offspring size (progeny fitness), and offspring production per centimeter gallery (fecundity). Our results show that both D. frontalis and D. brevicomis aggregate to pheromones synthesized de novo by D. brevicomis under field conditions and that galleries of both D. brevicomis and D. frontalis occurred together in the same region of a single host tree with significant frequency. In experimental manipulations of species ratios, the presence of conspecific beetles in the gallery environment strongly mediated fecundity, but D. frontalis was the only species that suffered negative impacts from the presence of heterospecific beetles in the gallery environment. interactions did not result in any apparent fitness effects for progeny of either species, which suggests that multispecies aggregations and co-colonization may be a dominant ecological strategy in the region and result in niche sharing.10aDendroctonus1 aDavis, T., S.1 aHofstetter, R., W.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/effects-gallery-density-and-species-ratio-fitness-and-fecundity-two-sympatric-bark-beetles-coleopter02298nas a2200181   4500008004100000020001400041245024100055210006900296260001100365300001200376490000700388520149900395653002501894100002201919700001901941700002101960856013501981       2009                        eng d  a0046-225X00aComparison of larval development and overwintering stages of the spotted knapweed biological control agents Agapeta zoegana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and Cyphocleonus achates (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Montana versus eastern Europe0 aComparison of larval development and overwintering stages of the  cAugust  a971-9760 v383 aLarval development of insects introduced for biological control of invasive weeds may be constrained if the new climate is more extreme than in their native range. We surveyed larval development in Agapeta zoegana L. and Cyphocleonus achates (Fahraeus), two species of biological control insects introduced from eastern Europe against spotted knapweed in western North America. We dissected spotted knapweed roots collected from five sites in western Montana over 6 yr either in late fall or early spring and measured larval head capsule size to determine the overwintering instar stage. Development of A. zoegana was estimated equally well with late fall or early spring root collections, but C. achates rate of development may be underestimated using fall samples. The larvae of neither species entered diapause in as advanced an instar in western Montana as reported for their native range. Most A. zoegana larvae reached the third (26%) or fourth (20%) instar at diapause, with only 15% reaching sixth instars,as they typically do in their native Eurasia. Almost all (94%) C. achates overwintered as first instars, with most of the remaining (4%) being eggs, some of which were viable in the spring. Only a small number (2%) of C. achates larvae overwintered as second instars, the common overwintering stage in their native range. Slower development may explain, in part, why A. zoegana only has one generation per year in Montana compared with two to three generations per year in Europe.10aCyphocleonus achates1 aCorn, Janelle, G.1 aStory, Jim, M.1 aWhite, Linda, J.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/comparison-larval-development-and-overwintering-stages-spotted-knapweed-biological-control-agents-ag02294nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245007600055210006900131260001000200300001200210490000700222520174100229653001801970100001901988700001902007856009802026       2009                        eng d  a0046-225X00aWoody stem galls interact with foliage to affect community associations0 aWoody stem galls interact with foliage to affect community assoc  cApril  a417-4240 v383 aGall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) hijack the physiology of their host plant to produce galls that house wasps throughout their immature stages. The gall-maker-host plant interaction is highly evolved, and galls represent an extended phenotype of the gall wasp. We evaluated two-way interactions between stem galls produced by Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu on Castanea spp. (Fagales: Fagaceae) and foliage directly attached to galls (gall leaves) using gall leaf excision experiments and herbivore bioassays. Early season gall leaf excision decreased the dry weight per chamber (nutritive index) and thickness of the protective schlerenchyma layer and increased the number of empty chambers and the occurrence and size of exterior fungal lesions. Leaf excision also caused a modestly significant ([alpha] = 0.1) increase in the incidence of feeding chamber fungi and herbivory by Curculio sayi Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and a modest decrease in parasitoids. This study shows that gall leaves are important for stem gall development, quality,and defenses, adding support for the nutrient and enemy hypotheses. We also evaluated the effects of stem galls on the suitability of gall leaves to Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) herbivory to assess the extent of gall defenses in important source leaves. Relative growth rate of L. dispar larvae was greater on gall leaves compared with normal leaves, indicating that, despite their importance, gall leaves may be more suitable to generalist insect herbivores, suggesting limitations to the extended phenotype of the gall wasp. Our results improve our knowledge of host-cynipid interactions, gall source-sink relations, and D. kuriphilus community interactions.10aCurculio sayi1 aCooper, W., R.1 aRieske, L., K.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/woody-stem-galls-interact-foliage-affect-community-associations02419nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245012400055210006900179260001300248300001200261490000700273520171600280653002701996100001602023700001602039700001602055700001902071856013502090       2009                        eng d  a0046-225X00aEffectiveness of glues used for harmonic radar tag attachment and impact on survival and behavior of three insect pests0 aEffectiveness of glues used for harmonic radar tag attachment an  cFebruary  a168-1750 v383 aThe ability of three cyanoacrylate glues to ensure a durable bond between the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), the plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), or the corn rootworms (Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte and Northern Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica longicornis Smith and Lawrence) and the harmonic radar tag without impact on behavior and survival was assessed as part of a study on the use of harmonic radar technology to track these insect pests. Droplets of 0.1 mg of Krazy Glue, Loctite, and Bowman FSA applied to the pronotum had no effect on the survival of the Colorado potato beetle or plum curculio after 5 and 7 d, but caused >40% mortality after only 4 h with both the western and northern corn rootworms. The three glues created an effective bond lasting 4-5 d between the harmonic radar tag and the Colorado potato beetle in >85% of cases and the plum curculio in almost 50% of cases. There was no detectable impact of the glue treatment on feeding or walking behavior of the Colorado potato beetle. Analysis of the same behaviors with the plum curculio showed no impact on the ability to walk on a vertical surface, the speed of travel, or the duration of travel. There was no significant impact on feeding by female plum curculio but indication that males treated with Krazy Glue fed less. Overall, results quantified the effectiveness of the cyanoacrylate glues at providing a durable bond with no significant impact on mobility or behavior of the Colorado potato beetle or plum curculios. However, the toxicity of the glues against the corn rootworms suggests that similar toxicity or sublethal effects may exist with other insects.10aConotrachelus nenuphar1 aBoiteau, G.1 aMeloche, F.1 aVincent, C.1 aLeskey, T., C.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/effectiveness-glues-used-harmonic-radar-tag-attachment-and-impact-survival-and-behavior-three-insect02617nas a2200181   4500008004100000020001400041245011300055210006900168260001100237300001400248490000700262520194300269653001502212100002902227700002202256700002202278856013502300       2009                        eng d  a0046-225X00aFungus cultivation by ambrosia beetles: behavior and laboratory breeding success in three xyleborine species0 aFungus cultivation by ambrosia beetles behavior and laboratory b  cAugust  a1096-11050 v383 aFungus cultivation by ambrosia beetles is one of the four independently evolved cases of agriculture known in animals. Such cultivation is most advanced in the highly social subtribe Xyleborina (Scolytinae), which is characterized by haplodiploidy and extreme levels of inbreeding. Despite their ubiquity in forests worldwide, the behavior of these beetles remains poorly understood. This may be in part because of their cryptic life habits within the wood of trees. Here we present data obtained by varying a laboratory breeding technique based on artificial medium inside glass tubes, which enables behavioral observations. We studied species of the three most widespread genera of Xyleborina in the temperate zone: Xyleborus, Xyleborinus, and Xylosandrus. We raised several generations of each species with good breeding success in two types of media. The proportion of females of Xyleborinus saxesenii Ratzeburg producing offspring within 40 d depended significantly on founder female origin, which shows a transgenerational effect. Labor-intensive microbial sterilization techniques did not increase females' breeding success relative to a group of females shortly treated with ethanol. Gallery productivity measured as the mean number of mature offspring produced after 40 d varied between species and was weakly affected by the type of medium used and foundress origin (field or laboratory) in X. saxesenii, whereas different preparation mid sterilization techniques of the beetles had no effect. Behavioral observations showed the time course of different reproductive stages and enabled to obtain detailed behavioral inflammation in all species studied. We propose that the laboratory techniques we describe here are suited for extensive studies of sociality mid modes of agriculture in the xyleborine ambrosia beetles, which may yield important insights into the evolution of fungal agriculture and advanced social organization.10aXyleborina1 aBiedermann, Peter, H. W.1 aKlepzig, Kier, D.1 aTaborsky, Michael  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/fungus-cultivation-ambrosia-beetles-behavior-and-laboratory-breeding-success-three-xyleborine-specie02535nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245022100055210006900276260001100345300001400356490000700370520170000377653001902077100002202096700001802118700001702136700002202153700001902175856013502194       2009                        eng d  a0046-225X00aGeographic distribution and regional impacts of Oxyops vitiosa (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Boreioglycaspis melaleucae (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), biological control agents of the invasive tree Melaleuca quinquenervia0 aGeographic distribution and regional impacts of Oxyops vitiosa C  cAugust  a1145-11540 v383 aThe invasive tree Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) Blake is widely distributed throughout peninsular Florida and poses a significant threat to species diversity in the wetland systems of the Everglades. Mitigation of this threat includes the areawide release campaign of the biological control agents Oxyops vitiosa Pascoe and Boreioglycaspis melaleucae Moore. We summarize the results of this release effort and quantify the resulting geographic distribution of the herbivores as well as their regional impact on the target weed. A combined total of 3.3 million individual Melaleuca biological control agents have been redistributed to 407 locations and among 15 Florida counties. Surveys of the invaded area indicate that the geographic distribution of O. vitiosa encompasses 71% of the Melaleuca infestation. Although released 5 yr later, the distribution of B. melaleuca is slightly greater than its predecessor, with a range including 78% of the sampled Melaleuca stands. Melaleuca stands outside both biological control agents' distributions occurred primarily in the northern extremes of the tree's range. Strong positive association between herbivore species was observed, with the same density of both species occurring in 162 stands and no evidence of interspecific competition. Soil type also influenced the incidence of biological control agents and the distribution of their impacts. The odds of encountering O. vitiosa or B. melaleucae in cells dominated by sandy soils were 2.2 and 2.9 times more likely than those predominated by organically rich soils. As a result, a greater level of damage from both herbivores was observed for stands growing on sandy versus organic-rich soils.10aOxyops vitiosa1 aBalentine, K., M.1 aPratt, P., D.1 aDray, F., A.1 aRayamajhi, M., B.1 aCenter, T., D.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/geographic-distribution-and-regional-impacts-oxyops-vitiosa-coleoptera-curculionidae-and-boreioglyca02213nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245007100055210006900126260001300195300001200208490000700220520165000227653002301877100002301900700002701923856009301950       2009                        eng d  a0046-225X00aPepper weevil attraction to volatiles from host and nonhost plants0 aPepper weevil attraction to volatiles from host and nonhost plan  cFebruary  a216-2240 v383 aThe location of wild and cultivated host plants by pepper weevil (Anthonomus eugenii Cano) may be aided by visual cues, the male-produced aggregation pheromone, herbivore-induced, or constitutive host plant volatiles. The attractiveness of constitutive plant volatiles to pioneer weevils is important in understanding, and perhaps controlling, dispersal of this insect between wild and cultivated hosts. Ten-day-old male and 2- and 10-day-old female weevils were tested in short-range Y-tube assays. Ten-day-old male and female weevils were attracted to the volatiles released by whole plants of three known oviposition hosts, 'Jalapeno' pepper, American black nightshade, and eggplant, as well as tomato, a congener, which supports feeding but not oviposition. Two-day-old females were attracted to all plants tested, including lima bean, an unrelated, nonhost plant. Fruit volatiles from all three hosts and flower volatiles from nightshade and eggplant were also attractive. In choice tests, weevils showed different preferences for the oviposition hosts, depending on age and sex. Upwind response of 10-day-old male and female weevils to host plant volatiles was also tested in long-range wind tunnel assays. Weevils responded to pepper, nightshade, and eggplant volatiles by moving upwind. There was no difference in the observed upwind response of the weevils to the three host plants under no-choice conditions. Reproductively mature pepper weevils can detect, orient to, and discriminate between the volatile plumes of host plants in the absence of visual cues, conspecific feeding damage, or the presence of their aggregation pheromone.10aAnthonomus eugenii1 aAddesso, Karla, M.1 aMcAuslane, Heather, J.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/pepper-weevil-attraction-volatiles-host-and-nonhost-plants