01865nas a2200181   4500008004100000245004800041210004800089260000900137300001000146490000800156520134500164653001701509100001901526700002201545700002301567700002201590856007101612       2011                        eng d00aNatural History of the Southern Pine Beetle0 aNatural History of the Southern Pine Beetle  c2011  a13-240 v1403 aThe southern pine beetle (SPB) is a tree killer of southern yellow pines. All life stages----eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults[long dash]infest the inner bark or phloem tissue of the host tree. Adult beetles overcome the tree's defenses through a mass-attack phenomenon. They are attracted to the tree by a pheromone system consisting of volatiles produced by the beetles and the host. The pheromone system also prevents the beetles from over-colonizing the tree. Once inside the tree, parent adults construct serpentine egg galleries in the inner bark tissue. Individual eggs are deposited in egg niches along the egg gallery. After eclosion, the larvae develop on host tissue, and development is aided by mycangial fungi deposited in the egg galleries by the adult females. Pupation occurs in the outer bark, and brood adults emerge to attack another nearby tree. As this process continues infestation spots of dead and dying trees can be created. Generally an SPB spot gets its start on stressed and weakened tress. Depending upon climate, the number of SPB generations per year can vary from one to nine. The SPB has the capacity to cause periodic large-scale eniptions that encompass entire regions of the South. Host resistance, predators, parasites, diseases, and competitors all keep SPB populations in check during nonepidemic years.10aDendroctonus1 aHain, Fred, P.1 aDuehl, Adrian, J.1 aGardner, Micah, J.1 aPayne, Thomas, L.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/natural-history-southern-pine-beetle01820nas a2200181   4500008004100000020001400041245008600055210006900141260000800210300001200218490000700230520120900237653002701446100001801473700001701491700001901508856011101527       2011                        eng d  a0046-225X00aPredicting County-Level Southern Pine Beetle Outbreaks From Neighborhood Patterns0 aPredicting CountyLevel Southern Pine Beetle Outbreaks From Neigh  cApr  a273-2800 v403 aThe southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is the most destructive insect in southern forests. States have kept county-level records on the locations of beetle outbreaks for the past 50 yr. This study determined how accurately patterns of county-level infestations in preceding years could predict infestation occurrence in the current year and if there were emergent patterns that correlated strongly with beetle outbreaks. A variety of methods were tested as infestation predictors, including quantification of either the exact locations of infested grid cells during one or two preceding years, or the neighborhood infestation intensity (number of infested cells in a neighborhood) in these years. The methods had similar predictive abilities, but the simpler methods performed somewhat better than the more complex ones. The factors most correlated with infestations in future years were infestation in the current year and the number of surrounding counties that were infested. Infestation history helped to predict the probability of future infestations in a region, but county-level patterns alone left much of the year-to-year variability unexplained.10aDendroctonus frontalis1 aDuehl, Adrian1 aBishir, John1 aHain, Fred, P.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/predicting-county-level-southern-pine-beetle-outbreaks-neighborhood-patterns02315nas a2200181   4500008004100000020001400041245009800055210006900153260001500222300001200237490000800249520166400257653002701921100002201948700002001970700001901990856012402009       2011                        eng d  a0378-112700aSouthern pine beetle regional outbreaks modeled on landscape, climate and infestation history0 aSouthern pine beetle regional outbreaks modeled on landscape cli  cFebruary 1  a473-4790 v2613 aThe southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis, SPB) is the major insect pest of pine species in the southeastern United States. It attains outbreak population levels sufficient to mass attack host pines across the landscape at scales ranging from a single forest stand to interstate epidemics. This county level analysis selected and examined the best climatic and landscape variables for predicting infestations at regional scales. The analysis showed that, for a given county, the most important factor in predicting outbreaks was that the county was classified as in outbreak status in the previous year. Other important factors included minimum winter temperature and the greatest difference between the average of daily minimums and a subsequent low temperature point, precipitation history either seasonally in the previous year or difference from average over the previous 2 years, the synchronizing effect of seasonal temperatures on beetle populations and the relative percentage of total forest area composed of host species. The statistical models showed that climatic variables are stronger indicators of outbreak likelihood than landscape structure and cover variables. Average climatic conditions were more likely to lead to outbreaks than extreme conditions, supporting the notion of coupling between a native insect and its native host. Still, some extreme events (i.e., periods of very low temperature or very high precipitation) did precede beetle infestation. This analysis suggested that there are predisposing and inciting factors at the large scale but the driving factors leading to individual infestations operate at smaller scales.10aDendroctonus frontalis1 aDuehl, Adrian, J.1 aKoch, Frank, H.1 aHain, Fred, P.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/southern-pine-beetle-regional-outbreaks-modeled-landscape-climate-and-infestation-history