01549nas a2200181   4500008004100000020001400041245010000055210006900155260001300224300001400237490000700251520091200258653002401170100001601194700001901210700002601229856011201255       2011                        eng d  a0098-033100aThe Scent of a Partner: Ambrosia Beetles Are Attracted to Volatiles from Their Fungal Symbionts0 aScent of a Partner Ambrosia Beetles Are Attracted to Volatiles f  cDecember  a1374-13770 v373 aInvasive fungus-growing ambrosia beetles are an emerging threat to forest ecosystems and fruit industries, but management tools are lacking. Here we explored the potential of beetle symbionts-ambrosia fungi-as a source of attractants. Our focus was the redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, and its symbiotic fungus, Raffaelea lauricola, which are devastating lauraceous hosts in the southeastern United States. We also tested three additional co-occurring beetle species and their symbionts. Each beetle species was consistently attracted to the odors of its symbiotic fungal species, occasionally also to symbionts of other species, but never to non-symbiotic Trichoderma. We further confirmed attraction to ethanol (positive control) in some species. Thus, ambrosia fungi produce volatiles attractive to their vector beetles, which may have potential as novel lures for ambrosia beetle management.10aXyleborus glabratus1 aHuler, Jiri1 aMann, Rajinder1 aStelinski, Lukasz, L.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/scent-partner-ambrosia-beetles-are-attracted-volatiles-their-fungal-symbionts02336nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245014300055210006900198260000800267300001200275490000700287520167100294100001901965700002101984700002602005856013502031       2010                        eng d  a0098-033100aSubterranean Herbivore-induced Volatiles Released by Citrus Roots upon Feeding by Diaprepes abbreviatus Recruit Entomopathogenic Nematodes0 aSubterranean Herbivoreinduced Volatiles Released by Citrus Roots  cApr  a361-3680 v363 aHerbivore-induced volatile emissions benefit plant hosts by recruiting natural enemies of herbivorous insects. Such tritrophic interactions have been examined thoroughly in the above-ground terrestrial environment. Recently, similar signals have also been described in the subterranean environment, which may be of equal importance for indirect plant defense. The larvae of the root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviates, are a serious pest of citrus. Infestations can be controlled by the use of entomopathogenic nematodes, yet the interactions between the plant, insect and nematode are poorly understood and remain unpredictable. In bioassays that used a root zone six-arm olfactometer, citrus roots ('Swingle citrumelo' rootstock) recruited significantly more entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema diaprepesi) when infested with root weevil larvae than non-infested roots. Infested plants were more attractive to nematodes than larvae alone. Roots damaged by weevil larvae attracted more nematodes than mechanically damaged roots and sand controls. By dynamic in situ collection and GC-MS analysis of volatiles from soil, we determined that four major terpene compounds were produced by infested plant roots that were not found in samples from non-infested roots or soil that contained only larvae. Solvent extracts of weevil-infested roots attracted more nematodes than extracts of non-infested roots in a two choice sand-column bioassay. These findings suggest that Swingle citrus roots release induced volatiles as an indirect defense in response to herbivore feeding, and that some of these induced volatiles function as attractants for entomopathogenic nematodes.1 aAli, Jared, G.1 aAlborn, Hans, T.1 aStelinski, Lukasz, L.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/subterranean-herbivore-induced-volatiles-released-citrus-roots-upon-feeding-diaprepes-abbreviatus-re03263nas a2200181   4500008004100000020001400041245011800055210006900173260001200242300001000254490000700264520258300271653002602854100001902880700002102899700002602920856013502946       2011                        eng d  a0022-047700aConstitutive and induced subterranean plant volatiles attract both entomopathogenic and plant parasitic nematodes0 aConstitutive and induced subterranean plant volatiles attract bo  cJanuary  a26-350 v993 aIndirect plant defences are well documented for the above-ground constituents of plants. Although less investigated to date, below-ground defences that mediate multitrophic interactions are equally important. Entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema diaprepesi) are attracted to herbivore- induced volatiles from Swingle var. (Citrus paradisi [center dot] Poncirus trifoliata) when fed upon by root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus. 2. We examined the extent to which below-ground volatiles modify behaviour of nematode species representing various foraging strategies (cruisers versus ambushers) and trophic levels (plant parasites versus entomopathogens). We compared attraction to volatiles of weevil-infested and non-infested roots from Swingle citrus rootstock and a parent line of the Swingle hybrid, Poncirus trifoliata (Pt). 3. Swingle weevil-infested roots attracted more nematodes than non-infested roots irrespective of nematode foraging strategy and trophic status. The parental line, Pt, attracted all nematode species irrespective of insect herbivory. 4. Dynamic in situ collection and GC[long dash]MS analysis of volatiles from soil revealed that Pt roots release attracting cues constitutively. A different non-hybrid citrus species (sour orange, Citrus aurantium) released nematode attracting cues only in response to larval feeding, similar to responses found in Swingle. Volatile collections from above- and below-ground portions of citrus plants revealed that above-ground feeding by weevils does not induce production of nematode attracting cues analogous to that induced by root damage, nor does damage by larvae below-ground induce a similar volatile above ground. 5. Synthesis. Our results suggest that release of nematode attractants by citrus roots occurs broadly and can be constant or herbivore-induced. The major constituent of this indirect defence is produced by roots and not shoots and in response to below-ground, but not above-ground herbivory. Our findings suggest that this cue acts on nematode species broadly, attracting entomopathogenic nematodes that exhibit various foraging strategies. Unexpectedly, we also found that this cue attracts a plant parasitic nematode species. It appears, thus, that release of nematode attracting cues by citrus plants can cause ecological costs. The plants, however, appear to counteract against these costs, because constitutive release was found only in a cultivar that is resistant to phytopathogenic nematodes, while herbivore-induced release occurred in lines susceptible to pathogenic nematode species.10aDiaprepes abbreviatus1 aAli, Jared, G.1 aAlborn, Hans, T.1 aStelinski, Lukasz, L.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/constitutive-and-induced-subterranean-plant-volatiles-attract-both-entomopathogenic-and-plant-parasi