02441nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245012700055210006900182260000800251300002200259490000700281520170900288653001701997100002802014700002402042700002202066700002402088856013502112       2012                        eng d  a1461-955500aAttraction to monoterpenes and beetle-produced compounds by syntopic Ips and Dendroctonus bark beetles and their predators0 aAttraction to monoterpenes and beetleproduced compounds by synto  cMay  aNIL_0094-NIL_01030 v143 a1 Bark beetles are significant mortality agents of conifers. Four beetle species, the pine engraver Ips pini, the six-spined pine engraver Ips calligraphus sub. ponderosae, the southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis, and the western pine beetle Dendroctonus brevicomis, cohabitate pines in Arizona. 2 A pheromone trapping study in ponderosa forests of Arizona determined the attraction of beetles to conspecific and heterospecific pheromone components in the presence and absence of host volatiles, and tested whether predators differ in their attraction to combinations of pheromone components and tree monoterpenes. 3 All four bark beetle species differed in their responses to heterospecific lures and monoterpenes. Ips calligraphus was the only species that increased in trap catches when heterospecific lures were added. Heterospecific lures did not inhibit the attraction of either Dendroctonus or Ips species. The replacement of myrcene with a-pinene increased the attraction of Dendroctonus, whereas the addition of a-pinene had mixed results for Ips. The prominent predators Temnochila chlorodia and Enoclerus lecontei were more attracted to the I. pini lure than the D. brevicomis lure, and the combination of the two lures with a-pinene was most attractive to both predator species. 4 Cross attraction and limited inhibition of bark beetles to heterospecific pheromones suggest that some of these species might use heterospecific compounds to increase successful location and colonization of trees. Predator responses to treatments suggest that tree volatiles are used to locate potential prey and predators are more responsive to Ips than to Dendroctonus pheromone components in Arizona.10aDendroctonus1 aHofstetter, Richard, W.1 aGaylord, Monica, L.1 aMartinson, Sharon1 aWagner, Michael, R.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/attraction-monoterpenes-and-beetle-produced-compounds-syntopic-ips-and-dendroctonus-bark-beetles-and03026nas a2200157   4500008004100000020001400041245012200055210006900177260000800246300001200254490000700266520241000273100002202683700002802705856013502733       2012                        eng d  a0012-965800aPlant secondary chemistry mediates the performance of a nutritional symbiont associated with a tree-killing herbivore0 aPlant secondary chemistry mediates the performance of a nutritio  cFeb  a421-4290 v933 aMany herbivores consume microbial food sources in addition to plant tissues for nutrition. Despite the ubiquity of herbivore-microbe feeding associations, few studies examine how host plant phenotypes affect microbial symbionts of herbivores. We tested the hypothesis that chemical polymorphism in a plant population mediates the performance of nutritional microbial symbionts. We surveyed the composition of ponderosa pine resin in northern Arizona, USA, for variation in six monoterpenes, and we approximated four chemical phenotypes. We reared populations of an herbivorous tree-killing beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis) in ponderosa pine host material, controlling for three monoterpene compositions representing an [alpha]-pinene to [DELTA]-3-carene gradient. Beetles were reared in host material where the dominant monoterpene was [alpha]-pinene, [DELTA]-3-carene, or a phenotype that was intermediate between the two. We isolated nutritional fungal symbionts (Entomocorticium sp. B) from beetle populations reared in each phenotype and performed reciprocal growth experiments in media amended to represent four "average'' monoterpene compositions. This allowed us to test the effects of natal host phenotype, chemical polymorphism, and the interaction between natal host phenotype and chemical polymorphism on a nutritional symbiont. Three important findings emerged: (1) fungal isolates grew 25-32% faster when acquired from beetles reared in the intermediate phenotype; (2) the mean growth rate of nutritional fungi varied up to 44% depending on which monoterpene composition media was amended with; and (3) fungal isolates uniformly performed best in the intermediate phenotype regardless of the chemical composition of their natal host. The performance of nutritional fungi related to both the chemical "history'' of their associated herbivore and the chemical phenotypes they are exposed to. However, all fungal isolates appeared adapted to a common chemical phenotype. These experiments argue in favor of the hypothesis that chemical polymorphism in plant populations mediates growth of nutritional symbionts of herbivores. Intraspecific chemical polymorphism in plants contributes indirectly to the regulation of herbivore populations, and our experiments demonstrate that the ecological effects of plant secondary chemistry extend beyond the trophic scale of the herbivore-plant interaction.1 aDavis, Thomas, S.1 aHofstetter, Richard, W.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/plant-secondary-chemistry-mediates-performance-nutritional-symbiont-associated-tree-killing-herbivor