01269nas a2200181   4500008004100000020001400041245012800055210006900183260001000252300001000262490000700272520058800279653002200867653002700889100001700916700001900933856013500952       2007                        eng d  a1343-878600aA new species of Bracon (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitic on alien sweetpotato weevils in the south-west islands of Japan0 anew species of Bracon Hymenoptera Braconidae parasitic on alien   cMarch  a55-630 v103 aA new species of braconid, Bracon yasudai Maeto et Uesato sp. nov., is described here from the south-west islands of Japan. It is a solitary idiobiont ectoparasitoid of the larvae of the West Indian sweetpotato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus (Curculionidae), and the sweetpotato weevil, Cylas formicarius (Brentidae), both feeding on Ipomoea batatas (L.) (Convolvulaceae). The percentage parasitism of the braconid on E. postfasciatus in the vines of I. batatas was 19.9-40.7% in the field. Bracon cylasovorus (Rohwer) reared from C. formicarius in the Philippines is also described.10aCylas formicarius10aEuscepes postfasciatus1 aMaeto, Kaoru1 aUesato, Takumi  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/new-species-bracon-hymenoptera-braconidae-parasitic-alien-sweetpotato-weevils-south-west-islands-j-001269nas a2200181   4500008004100000020001400041245012800055210006900183260001000252300001000262490000700272520058800279653002200867653002700889100001700916700001900933856013500952       2007                        eng d  a1343-878600aA new species of Bracon (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitic on alien sweetpotato weevils in the south-west islands of Japan0 anew species of Bracon Hymenoptera Braconidae parasitic on alien   cMarch  a55-630 v103 aA new species of braconid, Bracon yasudai Maeto et Uesato sp. nov., is described here from the south-west islands of Japan. It is a solitary idiobiont ectoparasitoid of the larvae of the West Indian sweetpotato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus (Curculionidae), and the sweetpotato weevil, Cylas formicarius (Brentidae), both feeding on Ipomoea batatas (L.) (Convolvulaceae). The percentage parasitism of the braconid on E. postfasciatus in the vines of I. batatas was 19.9-40.7% in the field. Bracon cylasovorus (Rohwer) reared from C. formicarius in the Philippines is also described.10aCylas formicarius10aEuscepes postfasciatus1 aMaeto, Kaoru1 aUesato, Takumi  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/new-species-bracon-hymenoptera-braconidae-parasitic-alien-sweetpotato-weevils-south-west-islands-jap01528nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245009500055210006900150260000900219300001000228490000700238520086900245653002701114100002201141700002101163700002101184700001901205856011001224       2011                        eng d  a0021-491400aSimplification of the collecting method of adult sweetpotato weevils from artificial diets0 aSimplification of the collecting method of adult sweetpotato wee  c2011  a22-240 v553 aThe West Indian sweetpotato weevil Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a major pest of the sweet potato Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam (Solanales: Convolvulaceae) in some countries. In order to improve the mass-rearing systems involved in an eradication program employing the sterile insect technique (SIT), we improved the efficiency of the method used for collecting adult weevils from artificial larval diets; this was done by using the combination of a sieve and Tullgren apparatus. Using this combination, we could collect 95.4% of weevils from artificial diets. Furthermore, the time spent in collection with this method was approximately one-fifth of that spent with the existing hand-sorting method. These results showed that this new collection method will improve the efficiency of mass rearing of West Indian sweetpotato weevils.10aEuscepes postfasciatus1 aKuriwada, Takashi1 aKumano, Norikuni1 aShiromoto, Keiko1 aHaraguchi, Dai  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/simplification-collecting-method-adult-sweetpotato-weevils-artificial-diets01385nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245013600055210006900191260000900260300001000269490000700279520066000286653002700946100002200973700002100995700002101016700001901037856013501056       2011                        eng d  a0021-491400aThe effect of an artificial adult diet on the reproductive performance of the West Indian sweetpotato weevil Euscepes postfasciatus0 aeffect of an artificial adult diet on the reproductive performan  c2011  a27-290 v553 aThe West Indian sweetpotato weevil Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a major pest of the sweet potato Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam (Solanales: Convolvulaceae) in some countries. To improve mass rearing systems involved in an eradication program employing the sterile insect technique (SIT), we examined the effect of an artificial adult diet on the reproductive performance of both male and female E. postfasciatus. The artificial diet had a negative effect on female fecundity but no effect on male mating ability. Our results suggest that the artificial diet should be improved to prevent adverse effects on female fecundity.10aEuscepes postfasciatus1 aKuriwada, Takashi1 aKumano, Norikuni1 aShiromoto, Keiko1 aHaraguchi, Dai  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/effect-artificial-adult-diet-reproductive-performance-west-indian-sweetpotato-weevil-euscepes-postfa01856nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245010700055210006900162260001400231300001200245490000800257520116300265653002701428100002201455700002101477700002101498700001901519856012401538       2011                        eng d  a0179-161300aThe Effect of Inbreeding on Mating Behaviour of West Indian Sweet Potato Weevil Euscepes postfasciatus0 aEffect of Inbreeding on Mating Behaviour of West Indian Sweet Po  cSeptember  a822-8280 v1173 aWhen there is an inbreeding depression, mating with a kin individual is generally considered maladaptive behaviour. However, in some conditions, the inclusive fitness benefits from inbreeding may outweigh the costs of inbreeding depression, and thus, inbreeding tolerance is often adaptive. Inbreeding depression and the effect of relatedness on mating behaviour in the West Indian sweet potato weevil Euscepes postfasciatus were examined. No significant inbreeding depression was detected as indicated by body weight and number of progeny emerging from sweet potato roots. Male mating performance (i.e. number of mating occurrences per night) was adversely affected by inbreeding depression, but the effect was low (fitness loss was 6.3%). Although there were no significant differences in latency to mounting, pre-copulatory guarding, copulation and post-copulatory guarding duration between full-sib and non-kin pairs, the copulation rate of full-sib pairs was significantly higher than that of non-kin pairs. These results support the theoretical prediction that when inbreeding depression is weak, copulation with close relative individuals is favoured.10aEuscepes postfasciatus1 aKuriwada, Takashi1 aKumano, Norikuni1 aShiromoto, Keiko1 aHaraguchi, Dai  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/effect-inbreeding-mating-behaviour-west-indian-sweet-potato-weevil-euscepes-postfasciatus01885nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245014100055210006900196260000900265300001200274490000700286520115300293653002701446100002201473700002101495700002101516700001901537856013501556       2009                        eng d  a0015-404000aHigh population density and egg cannibalism reduces the efficiency of mass-rearing in Euscepes postfasciatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)0 aHigh population density and egg cannibalism reduces the efficien  cJune  a221-2280 v923 aThe West Indian sweetpotato weevil Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a major pest of sweetpotato Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam (Solanales: Convolvulaceae) in some countries. In order to improve mass-rearing for an eradication program employing the sterile insect technique (SIT), optimal population density of E. postfasciatus in an artificial diet was examined. Six population densities (1000, 4000, 7000, 10000, 13000, and 16000 individuals per container with 200 g of artificial diet) were compared for effect on the number of eggs collected and hatchability. The total number of eggs collected after 24 d increased with an increase in population density and reached a saturation level at 13,000 individuals, whereas hatchability was not affected by population density. The results indicated that optimal population density in mass rearing was 13,000 individuals on 200 g of artificial diet. Furthermore, we examined cannibalism by adult weevils in the presence of other diets . The result suggested that egg cannibalism may be a major reason for the low rate of egg collection in the mass rearing of E. postfasciatus.10aEuscepes postfasciatus1 aKuriwada, Takashi1 aKumano, Norikuni1 aShiromoto, Keiko1 aHaraguchi, Dai  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/high-population-density-and-egg-cannibalism-reduces-efficiency-mass-rearing-euscepes-postfasciatus-c02140nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245013700055210006900192260000800261300001000269490000800279520138300287653002701670100002101697700002201718700002101740700001901761700001901780856013501799       2010                        eng d  a0013-870300aEvaluation of partial sterility in mating performance and reproduction of the West Indian sweetpotato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus0 aEvaluation of partial sterility in mating performance and reprod  cJul  a45-520 v1363 aThe sterile insect technique (SIT) is based on population and behavioral ecology and is widely used to suppress or eradicate target pest insect populations. The effectiveness of SIT depends on the ability of the released sterile males to mate with and inseminate wild females. The use of gamma-radiation to induce sterility is, however, associated with negative impacts not only on reproductive cells but also on somatic cells. Consequently, irradiation for sterilization diminishes mating performance over time. In this study, we evaluated the balance between the irradiation dose and both fertility and mating propensity in Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) for 22 days following irradiation. The mating propensity of males irradiated with a 150-Gy dose, as currently used to induce complete sterility of E. postfasciatus in the SIT program in Okinawa Prefecture, was equal to that of non-irradiated weevils for up to 6 days, and the mating propensity of males irradiated with a dose of 125 Gy was equal to that of non-irradiated weevils for twice this period (12 days). The fertilization ability of weevils irradiated with a dose of 125 Gy was reduced by 4.6% in males and 0.6% in females, compared to the potential fertilization ability. We also discuss the possibility of the application of partially sterilized insects in eradication programs.10aEuscepes postfasciatus1 aKumano, Norikuni1 aKuriwada, Takashi1 aShiromoto, Keiko1 aHaraguchi, Dai1 aKohama, Tsuguo  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/evaluation-partial-sterility-mating-performance-and-reproduction-west-indian-sweetpotato-weevil-eusc02074nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245013500055210006900190260000800259300001200267490000800279520131700287653002701604100002101631700002201652700002101674700001901695700001901714856013501733       2010                        eng d  a0013-870300aEffect of body size and sex ratio on male alternative mating tactics of the West Indian sweetpotato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus0 aEffect of body size and sex ratio on male alternative mating tac  cMay  a154-1610 v1353 aMale body size is considered to be one of the major determinants of mating success among many insect species. Because the effectiveness of the sterile insect technique (SIT) depends on the ability of released sterile males to mate with and inseminate wild females, it is indispensable to understand the effect of male body size on the mating behavior of both sexes for the progress of the SIT program. We investigated how male body size and the presence of other rival males affect the guarding and copulatory durations of the West Indian sweetpotato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). In this species, males guard females before and after copulation. By observing the mating behavior under two sex-ratio conditions (male-to-female ratios of 1:1 and 2:1), we found that small males hastened to court females when rival males were present, but the females rejected these small males as mates. Therefore, we consider that female weevils adopt a counter-adaptation for mate preference in response to this male mating strategy. Body size did not affect the durations of copulation and post-copulatory guarding. Although we found a conditional mating strategy for body size in E. postfasciatus, it is unlikely to have a large influence on the weevil-eradication program using SIT.10aEuscepes postfasciatus1 aKumano, Norikuni1 aKuriwada, Takashi1 aShiromoto, Keiko1 aHaraguchi, Dai1 aKohama, Tsuguo  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/effect-body-size-and-sex-ratio-male-alternative-mating-tactics-west-indian-sweetpotato-weevil-euscep01979nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245014500055210006900200260001200269300001200281490000700293520120900300653002701509100002101536700002201557700002101579700001901600700001901619856013501638       2011                        eng d  a1438-389600aIntensive resistance by females before copulation induces insemination failure in the West Indian sweet potato weevil Euscepes postfasciatus0 aIntensive resistance by females before copulation induces insemi  cJanuary  a111-1170 v533 aPersistent mating attempts by males (sexual harassment) are frequently observed among animals. For females, resisting persistent males can be costly because vigorous resistance increases both energy expenditure and the possibility of injury. Although one tactic for coping with male harassment is to cease resistance and mate with the persistent partner, the females of several species are able to prevent the fertilization of their egg(s) despite copulation. In this study, we used three different sex ratios to investigate whether a male's mating persistence affects his mating success in the West Indian sweet potato weevil Euscepes postfasciatus, in which males mount females both before and after copulation. Consistent with our predictions, we found that female weevils resist and manipulate sperm transfer either before or during copulation according to their preferences. Female weevils were able to reject the sperm of persistent males despite having copu- lated with them. However, neither copulation and/or post-copulatory mounting affected insemination success. We speculate that the intensive resistance shown by females before copulation may induce mechanical sterility in E. postfasciatus.10aEuscepes postfasciatus1 aKumano, Norikuni1 aKuriwada, Takashi1 aShoromoto, Keiko1 aHaraguchi, Dai1 aKohama, Tsuguo  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/intensive-resistance-females-copulation-induces-insemination-failure-west-indian-sweet-potato-weevil02046nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245011800055210006900173260001200242300001000254490000800264520133700272653002701609100002101636700002201657700001901679700001901698856013501717       2009                        eng d  a0013-870300aIrradiation does not affect field dispersal ability in the West Indian sweetpotato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus0 aIrradiation does not affect field dispersal ability in the West   cJanuary  a63-720 v1303 aThe effect of irradiation on the dispersal ability of males and females of the flightless West Indian sweetpotato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a major sweet potato pest, was examined in the field using mark-release-recapture techniques. To evaluate the dispersal ability of the weevil, we released 7 619 weevils in two replicates (July and August 2007). Each replicate lasted 5 days from release to sampling and consisted of one weevil release and two weevil samplings. Thirty-two traps were placed in lines corresponding to eight compass directions and in four distance classes (8, 12, 16, and 20 m) in each replicate. We captured 709 (9.3%) weevils in the two replicates. Weevils dispersed at least 20 m from the release point in 2 days, regardless of sex or irradiation. Dispersal was strongly affected by wind direction, and in both replicates most weevils were recaptured in upwind directions. The mean dispersal distance for non-irradiated weevils was about 11 m per 2 days. Although there were some differences between sexes in recapture rate and dispersal distance, there was no consistent difference between irradiated and non-irradiated weevils in dispersal distance. We conclude that irradiation does not affect the dispersal ability of flightless E. postfasciatus in the field.10aEuscepes postfasciatus1 aKumano, Norikuni1 aKawamura, Futoshi1 aHaraguchi, Dai1 aKohama, Tsuguo  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/irradiation-does-not-affect-field-dispersal-ability-west-indian-sweetpotato-weevil-euscepes-postfasc01801nas a2200229   4500008004100000020001400041245015500055210006900210260001300279300001200292490000800304520095200312653002701264100002101291700001801312700002201330700002101352700001901373700002501392700001901417856013501436       2010                        eng d  a0022-201100aThe neogregarine protozoan Farinocystis sp. reduces longevity and fecundity in the West Indian sweet potato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire)0 aneogregarine protozoan Farinocystis sp reduces longevity and fec  cNovember  a298-3040 v1053 aThe number of West Indian sweet potato weevils, Euscepes postfasciatus, being mass-reared in a facility for use in sterile insect technique (SIT) eradication programs has undergone a drastic reduction. A neogregarine protozoan pathogen Farinocystis sp. (an undescribed species) was detected in vivo in the mass-reared E. postfasciatus. We investigated the effects of this disease on the longevity and fecundity of host weevils and the incubation time of the disease in the host body under mass-rearing conditions. Our results demonstrated that infection by this Farinocystis sp. decreased both longevity and fecundity in E. postfasciatus. In particular, the pathogen severely limited the production of progeny by infected females compared to healthy females. Therefore, we consider this protozoan infection to be the major cause of the decreased E. postfasciatus production in the mass-rearing facility. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.10aEuscepes postfasciatus1 aKumano, Norikuni1 aIwata, Noriko1 aKuriwada, Takashi1 aShiromoto, Keiko1 aHaraguchi, Dai1 aYasunaga-Aoki, Chisa1 aKohama, Tsuguo  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/neogregarine-protozoan-farinocystis-sp-reduces-longevity-and-fecundity-west-indian-sweet-potato-weev01718nas a2200181   4500008004100000020001400041245014300055210006900198260001400267300001200281490000700293520101500300653002701315100002101342700001901363700001901382856013501401       2009                        eng d  a0022-191000aSperm storage and viability within females of Euscepes postfasciatus: effect of irradiation on sperm abundance and viability within female0 aSperm storage and viability within females of Euscepes postfasci  cSeptember  a813-8170 v553 aIrradiation has been widely used in suppression or eradication programs that use the sterile insect technique (SIT) or in studying sperm competition. Although it is well known that irradiation has negative impacts on reproductive (sperm) cells, previous studies have assumed that sperm from irradiated males behave identically to normal sperm in the female reproductive tract after mating. In this study, we used the West Indian sweetpotato weevil Euscepes postfasciatus to investigate the effect of irradiation on the abundance and viability of sperm in female spermatheca for 14 days after copulation. The abundance of sperm in females did not change throughout the experimental period, and sperm viability gradually decreased regardless of irradiation. In this weevil, irradiated sperm appear to behave identically to normal sperm in females for 14 days following irradiation/copulation. Therefore, the effect of irradiation on sperm viability within the female spermatheca is considered to be insignificant10aEuscepes postfasciatus1 aKumano, Norikuni1 aHaraguchi, Dai1 aKohama, Tsuguo  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/sperm-storage-and-viability-within-females-euscepes-postfasciatus-effect-irradiation-sperm-abundance02115nas a2200181   4500008004100000020001400041245012400055210006900179260001000248300001000258490000800268520143600276653002701712100002101739700001901760700001901779856013501798       2009                        eng d  a0013-870300aFemale mating status does not affect male mating behavior in the West Indian sweetpotato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus0 aFemale mating status does not affect male mating behavior in the  cApril  a39-450 v1313 aBecause multiple mating by females encourages sperm competition, the assessment of female mating status before insemination is important for males in order to avoid the risk of sperm competition or to intensify sperm competition. When interacting with females before sperm transfer, males can alter their mating tactics according to the risk or intensity of sperm competition. Information on how mating systems are associated with sperm competition is essential for sterile insect technique eradication programs, which depend on successful mating of released sterile males with wild females. We tested whether males of the West Indian sweetpotato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), adjusted their mating behavior in response to female mating experience and/or age. As virgin/young female weevils accepted males more easily than non-virgin/old females, assessing females before insemination can be adaptive for male weevils. We found that E. postfasciatus males were unable to adjust their mating tactics in response to female mating status. Although this mating strategy would be costly for individual male weevils, the ability in males to discriminate female mating status can prevent the chance of mating with already-mated females containing the sperm of wild male(s). Therefore, the mating tactics of male E. postfasciatus are advantageous for sterile insect technique eradication programs.10aEuscepes postfasciatus1 aKumano, Norikuni1 aHaraguchi, Dai1 aKohama, Tsuguo  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/female-mating-status-does-not-affect-male-mating-behavior-west-indian-sweetpotato-weevil-euscepes-po01975nas a2200241   4500008004100000020001400041245013900055210006900194260000800263300001200271490000700283520112500290653002701415100002001442700001701462700001901479700001701498700002301515700001901538700001901557700002301576856013401599       2012                        eng d  a0003-686200aUltraviolet light-emitting diode (UV LED) trap the West Indian sweet potato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)0 aUltraviolet lightemitting diode UV LED trap the West Indian swee  cAug  a285-2900 v473 aThe West Indian sweet potato weevil Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire) is a troublesome pest insect of sweet potato that originally came from the Caribbean, but is now expanding its distribution into the Pacific Islands. Although sterile insect techniques have been used against this pest in a demonstration experiment on Kume Island (Ohno et al. (2006) Kontyu to Shizen 41:25-30), effective methods of monitoring E. postfasciatus are scarce. It is necessary to detect the weevils at an early stage of invasion in uninvaded areas, and an attractant trap can be used to achieve this. Thus, we developed an ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diode trap, invented a method for diffusing the light to attract more insects, and investigated the attractiveness of the light trap to E. postfasciatus under laboratory conditions. Our results indicate that diffused UV light has a higher potential to attract E. postfasciatus than direct UV light. Furthermore, sweet potato is an effective bait to use to capture the weevils attracted by UV light. Thus, E. postfasciatus can be trapped using diffused UV light and sweet potato bait.10aEuscepes postfasciatus1 aKatsuki, Masako1 aOmae, Yusuke1 aOkada, Kensuke1 aKamura, Toru1 aMatsuyama, Takashi1 aHaraguchi, Dai1 aKohama, Tsuguo1 aMiyatake, Takahisa  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/ultraviolet-light-emitting-diode-uv-led-trap-west-indian-sweet-potato-weevil-euscepes-postfasciatus01466nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245011800055210006900173260000800242300001200250490000700262520082200269653002701091100002301118700002001141856013501161       2010                        eng d  a0003-686200aNardonella endosymbiont in the West Indian sweet potato weevil Euscepes postfasciatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)0 aNardonella endosymbiont in the West Indian sweet potato weevil E  cFeb  a115-1200 v453 aThe West Indian sweet potato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus, is a notorious pest of the sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas. We examined the potential presence of a bacterial endosymbiont in the pest weevil. The bacterial 16S rRNA gene and groEL gene were detected by PCR from the insects. Cloning, sequencing and molecular phylogenetic analyses of the bacterial genes demonstrated that E. postfasciatus is associated with a [gamma]-proteobacterial endosymbiont of the genus Nardonella. In situ hybridization detected the endosymbiont in the female ovaries, indicating its transovarial transmission through host generations. This study is the first to identify Nardonella from the weevil subfamily Cryptorhynchinae. The potential relevance of the endosymbiont in the biology and management of E. postfasciatus is discussed.10aEuscepes postfasciatus1 aHosokawa, Takahiro1 aFukatsu, Takema  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/nardonella-endosymbiont-west-indian-sweet-potato-weevil-euscepes-postfasciatus-coleoptera-curculioni01550nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245014900055210006900204260000800273300001200281490000700293520078000300653002701080100003301107700003001140700002501170700002601195856013501221       2007                        eng d  a1516-891300aCompetition between Catolaccus grandis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and Bracon vulgaris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), parasitoids of the boll weevil0 aCompetition between Catolaccus grandis Hymenoptera Pteromalidae   cMay  a371-3780 v503 aThe competition between populations of the parasitoids C. grandis and B. vulgaris was studied using larvae of Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire) as an alternative host. A series of biological parameters was observed and related to the competitive abilities of both parasitoid species. They were capable of colonizing and maintaining their populations regardless of host location. The population growth of C. grandis and B. vulgaris, based on fecundity was not affected by the competition. The parasitism and survivorship to the adult stage were affected by competition, except when the host was located at the bottom of the rearing cage. C. grandis performed better than B. vulgaris independently of the competition and host location, but it did not exclude the other species10aEuscepes postfasciatus1 aRamalho, Francisco, de Sousa1 ada Silva, Ana, Maria Came1 aZanuncio, Jose, Cola1 aSerrao, Jose, Eduardo  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/competition-between-catolaccus-grandis-hymenoptera-pteromalidae-and-bracon-vulgaris-hymenoptera-brac