@article {13357,
	title = {Multidisciplinary fingerprints: forensic reconstruction of an insect reinvasion},
	journal = {Journal of the Royal Society Interface},
	volume = {7},
	number = {45},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Apr 6},
	pages = {677-686},
	abstract = {An unexpected outbreak of boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis, an insect pest of cotton, across the Southern Rolling Plains (SRP) eradication zone of west-central Texas, USA, was detected soon after passage of Tropical Storm Erin through the Winter Garden district to the south on 16 August 2007. The synchrony and broad geographic distribution of the captured weevils suggest that long-distance dispersal was responsible for the reinvasion. We integrated three types of assessment to reconstruct the geographic origin of the immigrants: (i) DNA fingerprinting; (ii) pollen fingerprinting; and (iii) atmospheric trajectory analysis. We hypothesized the boll weevils originated in the Southern Blacklands zone near Cameron, or in the Winter Garden district near Uvalde, the nearest regions with substantial populations. Genetic tests broadly agree that the immigrants originated southeast of the SRP zone, probably in regions represented by Uvalde or Weslaco. The SRP pollen profile from weevils matched that of Uvalde better than that of Cameron. Wind trajectories supported daily wind-aided dispersal of weevils from the Uvalde region to the SRP from 17 to 24 August, but failed to support migration from the Cameron region. Taken together the forensic evidence strongly implicates the Winter Garden district near Uvalde as the source of reinvading boll weevils.},
	keywords = {Anthonomus grandis},
	isbn = {1742-5662},
	author = {Kim, Kyung Seok and Jones, Gretchen D. and Westbrook, John K. and Sappington, Thomas W.}
}
@article {13115,
	title = {Cotton pollen retention in boll weevils: a laboratory experiment},
	journal = {Palynology},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009},
	pages = {157-165},
	abstract = {Cotton pollen is thought to exist in the gut of boll weevils for at least 24 hours. Because finding whole or broken cotton pollen grains are valuable clues in determining when boll weevils were living in cotton, the retention of cotton pollen in the gut of the weevil was examined. Boll weevils were fed cotton buds, cotton flowers, and water for five days, then they were placed into cleaned cages without any food. However they were allowed to drink water freely. Weevils were examined at 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after the buds and flowers were removed. One hundred weevils were dissected at each time interval, and each gut was placed onto a glass slide. Light microscopy was used to determine the presence or absence of cotton pollen. More weevils (63\%) at 0 hours contained pollen than weevils at any other interval. Whole pollen grains were not found in weevils after 24 hours. The 120 hour interval contained a single weevil with pollen. In the laboratory test, whole cotton pollen grains indicated that feeding on cotton occurred within 24 hours. When only halves and fragments of pollen were found,cotton feeding occurred 48-120 hours earlier. Additionally, when six or more cotton pollen grains were found in a weevil, it had fed on cotton within 24 hours. This information narrows the boll weevil dispersal times and distances from cotton fields and over-wintering areas.},
	keywords = {Anthonomus grandis},
	isbn = {0191-6122},
	author = {Jones, Gretchen D. and Greenberg, Shoil M.}
}
@article {11473,
	title = {Effects of photoperiod on boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) development, survival, and reproduction},
	journal = {Environmental Entomology},
	volume = {37},
	number = {6},
	year = {2008},
	month = {December},
	pages = {1396-1402},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Effects of photoperiod on development, survival, feeding and oviposition of boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, were assessed under five different photophases (24, 14,12, 10, and 0 h) at a constant 27 [degree]C temperature and 65\% RH in the laboratory. Analyses of our results detected positive relationships between photoperiod and puncturing (mean numbers of oviposition and feeding punctures per day), and oviposition (oviposition punctures/oviposition+feeding punctures) activities, and the proportion of squares attacked by boll weevil females. When boll weevil females developed in light: darkness cycles, they produced a significantly higher percentage of eggs developing to adulthood than those developed in 24-h light or dark conditions. In long photoperiod (24:0 and 14:10 h), the number of female progeny),vas significantly higher and their development time was significantly shorter than those developed in short photoperiod (0:24 and 10:14 h). Lifetime oviposition was significantly highest at 12- and 14-h photophase, lowest at 0- and 10-h photophase, and intermediate at 24 h of light. Life table calculations indicated that boll weevil populations developed in a photoperiod of 14:10 and 12:12 (L: D) h will increase an average of two-fold each generation (Ro) compared with boll weevils developed in 24:0- and 10:14-h photoperiods and 15-fold compared with those at 0:24 h. Knowledge of the photoperiod-dependent population growth potential is critical for understanding population dynamics to better develop sampling protocols and timing insecticide applications.},
	keywords = {Anthonomus grandis, Anthonomus grandis grandis},
	isbn = {0046-225X},
	author = {Greenberg, S. M. and Sappington, T. W. and Adamczyk, J. J. and Liu, T. X. and Setamou, M.}
}
@article {11278,
	title = {Sexual dimorphism and synonymy in Anthonomus (Anthonomorphus) (Coleoptera-: Cur-culionidae)},
	journal = {Pan-Pacif. Ent., San Francisco},
	volume = {29},
	year = {1953},
	pages = {41},
	type = {Article},
	keywords = {Anthonomus Anthonomorphus, Anthonomus peninsularis, Anthonomus pervilis},
	author = {Gilbert, E. E.}
}
@article {10894,
	title = {Evaluation of puncture types as indicators of boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) oviposition in cotton squares},
	journal = {Environmental Entomology},
	volume = {36},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	month = {February},
	pages = {183-186},
	abstract = {Reproductive boll weevil populations are typically identified by the presence of a frass seal and protuberance at the oviposition site in cotton squares. However, despite the occurrence of other oviposition puncture seal types and their use in previous fecundity studies, the relationship of these respective puncture seal types and oviposition has not been clearly examined. In this study, newly eclosed females (=24 h old, but mated at 4 d of age) were fed fresh squares daily for 8 d to determine oviposition frequency in relation to individual puncture seal types. Puncture seal types were classified as unsealed; puncture with frass seal; puncture with wax seal; and puncture with wax seal and partially covered with frass. Overall, no significant associations were detected between the types of sealed punctures, and the frequency of oviposition in sealed punctures ranged from 64.6 (wax-seal with frass) to 72.9\% (frass-sealed) during 2001 and 53.4 (wax-sealed) to 55.2\% (wax-seal with frass) during 2002. Examination of individual trials revealed considerable variability in oviposition associated with all sealed puncture types. Oviposition also occurred in unsealed punctures by mated females in all trials. Because of the high degree of oviposition observed in punctures not normally associated as oviposition sites (i.e., wax-seal with frass, wax-seal), this study clearly shows the need to consider other puncture types as potential indicators of reproductive weevil populations. These results will be critical in boll weevil management programs where accurate detection of reproductive weevil populations is crucial for continued pest suppression.},
	keywords = {Anthonomus grandis},
	isbn = {0046-225X},
	author = {Esquivel, J. F.}
}
@article {9851,
	title = {Infestation index and mortality factors of the cotton boll weavil weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the semi-arid southeast of Bahia, Brazil},
	journal = {Entomotropica},
	volume = {24},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009},
	pages = {111-122},
	abstract = {The boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boheman, 1843) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a pest that limits the production of cotton, especially in the North East of Brazil. The present study aimed to estimate the infestation index and natural mortality of boll weevil at Caraibas County, located in the semi-arid of the Southwest of Bahia. Te experiment was performed using the cultivar BSR Aroeira, at Fazenda Lagoa Seca, in 2006. Weekly evaluations were performed, in fve sampling areas 25m2, collecting blossoms fallen on the ground. The infestation was estimated by counting the oviposition punctures and /or the feeding on blossoms, and also by the presence of one of the phases of the boll weevil in the inside. Mortality factors were studied through the dissection of blossoms, estimating predation, parasitism, dissection and disease. The results obtained allowed to conclude that the boll weevil determines high infestation levels in the region. Parasitism, dissection and predation, following this order, determine high rates of real mortality of the pest. Catolaccus grandis Burks, 1954 (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and Bracon sp.(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are parasitoids of boll weevil reported in sothwestern Bahia, being the frst one the predominant species.},
	keywords = {Anthonomus grandis},
	isbn = {1317-5262},
	author = {Cardoso, Urbano Pinchemel and Castellani, Maria Aparecida and Forti, Luiz Carlos and Menezes Junior, Ayres de Oliveira and Alves Moreira, Aldenise and Colmenarez, Yelitza Coromoto and Costa Ramires de Oliveira, Marcelo Eduardo and Leao Bittencourt, Maria Aparecida}
}
@article {9217,
	title = {A comparison of electromorphs of Anthonomus grandis and Anthonomus peninsularis},
	journal = {Southwestern Entomologist},
	volume = {12},
	number = {3},
	year = {1987},
	note = {Zoor12400032108},
	pages = {217-222},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {An electrophoretic survey of 12 enzyme systems was conducted on the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, and on the closely related species, Anthonomus peninsularis Dietz. All specimens were collected from pheromone traps. The objectives were to determine if isozyme patterns could be used to distinguish the two species, to elucidate some of the difficult taxonomic relationships in this genus, and to start a database on electrophoretic variation in species closely related to the boll weevil. Esterase and isocitrate dehydrogenase enzyme systems were found to be totally discriminatory for these two species. Other isozymes showed polymorphisms in Anthonomus peninsularis, but they were very similar to boll weevil electromorphic patterns. The ability to identify closely related species that respond to the same trap, by electrophoretic analysis and by morphological examination, could be important in area-wide boll weevil control programs.},
	keywords = {Anthonomus grandis, Anthonomus peninsularis},
	isbn = {0147-1724},
	author = {Bartlett, A. C. and Leggett, J. E.}
}
@article {9199,
	title = {TWENTY FIVE YEARS OF PRESENCE OF THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL IN THE SOUTH CONE},
	journal = {Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences},
	volume = {2009},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009},
	pages = {987-992},
	abstract = {The cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, was first detected in Brazil in February of 1983. From there, it moved to neighboring Paraguay in 1991 and subsequently to Argentina in 1993. Today, it is present in the most important cotton producing areas of the region. This insect pest has caused much economic and social damage in the South Cone of South America, repeating the havoc it had previously brought to cotton producing countries in more northern latitudes. At its arrival to Brazil, an eradication program was proposed but never implemented for political and environmental reasons. The boll weevil changed Brazilian cotton geography and the way cotton was grown, from the traditional subsistence crop-sharing system in the Northeast and small holder agriculture system in the mid- South, to present fully mechanized large farming systems of the mid-West, previously not yet infested by the pest. In Paraguay, where cotton was vital to an essentially agricultural economy, the pest has brought an overall area reduction of 80\%. In Argentina, it was contained for many years from the great Chaco producing area, now also infested. Control actions are carried out by farmers individually and are a combination of cultural and chemical control methods. Since the arrival of the boll weevil to the region, an increase in pest control costs due to recurrent insecticide sprayings has made cotton production less competitive in the world market. The presence of the boll weevil in the South Cone nullifies any potential benefit of the recently introduced bollworm resistant GM cultivars. Area wide suppression efforts have been initiated in some Brazilian states. With the eradication in the US, countries to the South will have to strengthen their research efforts if they are to continue to produce cotton in the presence of the boll weevil. The author analyses the cotton production in the South Cone since the arrival of the boll weevil.},
	keywords = {Anthonomus grandis},
	isbn = {1059-2644},
	author = {Barbosa, S.}
}
@article {9056,
	title = {FECUNDITY OF FEMALE BOLL WEEVILS UNALTERED AFTER SURVIVING LD50 DOSE OF MALATHION},
	journal = {Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences},
	volume = {2007},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007},
	pages = {356-360},
	abstract = {Three day old female boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, reared from field-infested cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. squares, were allowed to mate, then topically treated with predetermined LD50 (2 [mu]g) of malathion to assess its effects on fecundity, oviposition and body fat condition over a ten day period. Cotton squares and artificial diet were used as food sources on malathion-treated and nontreated. The LD50 caused [approximately equal]50\% mortality in the square-fed malathion treatment, but the artificial diet-fed malathion treated weevils were less susceptible. LD50 survivors fed squares produced >=9 times more chorionated eggs in the ovaries and oviposited >=19-fold more eggs than survivors fed artificial diet regardless of the malathion treatment. Boll weevils that survived a 2 [mu]g (LD50) and fed squares were [approximately equal]4.5-fold leaner than diet-fed weevils. Our findings demonstrate that nonresistant boll weevils surviving a sublethal dose of malathion will reproduce without any delay or significant loss in fecundity, and the food source for which boll weevils are maintained will directly affect the results. The significance of these findings and how they are related to the final stages of boll weevil eradicating from the United States are discussed.},
	keywords = {Anthonomus grandis},
	isbn = {1059-2644},
	author = {Armstrong, J. Scott and Greenberg, Shoil and Setamou, Mamoudou}
}
@article {9057,
	title = {Interference of boll weevil trapping by spiders (Araneida) and an evaluation of trap modification to reduce unwanted arthropods},
	journal = {Journal of Entomological Science},
	volume = {42},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	month = {July},
	pages = {392-398},
	keywords = {Anthonomus grandis},
	isbn = {0749-8004},
	author = {Armstrong, J. Scott and Richman, David B.}
}
@article {8575,
	title = {Midgut GPI-anchored proteins with alkaline phosphatase activity from the cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) are putative receptors for the Cry1B protein of Bacillus thuringiensis},
	journal = {Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology},
	volume = {40},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {138-145},
	abstract = {Cry toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are used for insect control. They interact with specific receptors located on the host cell surface and are activated by host proteases following receptor binding resulting in midgut epithelial cells lysis. In this work we had cloned, sequenced and expressed a cry1Ba toxin gene from the B thuringiensis S601 strain which was previously shown to be toxic to Anthonomus grandis, a cotton pest. The Cry1Ba6 protein expressed in an acrystaliferous B. thuringiensis strain was toxic to A. grandis in bioassays. The binding of Cry1Ba6 toxin to proteins located in the midgut brush border membrane of A. grandis was analyzed and we found that Cry1Ba6 binds to two proteins (62 and 65 kDa) that showed alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. This work is the first report that shows the localization of Cry toxin receptors in the midgut cells of A. grandis. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
	keywords = {Anthonomus grandis},
	isbn = {0965-1748},
	author = {Martins, Erica Soares and Monnerat, Rose Gomes and Queiroz, Paulo Roberto and Dumas, Vinicius Fiuza and Braz, Shelida Vasconcelos and Aguiar, Raimundo Wagner de Souza and Gomes, Ana Cristina Menezes Mendes and Sanchez, Jorge and Bravo, Alejandra and Ribeiro, Bergmann Morais}
}
@article {5227,
	title = {Genetic diversity of Brazilian natural populations of Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the major cotton pest in the New World},
	journal = {Genetics and Molecular Research},
	volume = {6},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007},
	pages = {23-32},
	abstract = {Twenty-five RAPD loci and 6 isozyme loci were studied to characterize the genetic variability of natural populations of Anthonomus grandis from two agroecosystems of Brazil. The random-amplified polymorphic DNA data disclosed a polymorphism that varied from 52 to 84\% and a heterozygosity of 0.189 to 0.347. The index of genetic differentiation (GST) among the six populations was 0.258. The analysis of isozymes showed a polymorphism and a heterozygosity ranging from 25 to 100\% and 0.174 to 0.277, respectively. The genetic differentiation (FST) among the populations obtained by isozyme data was 0.544. It was possible to observe rare alleles in the populations from the Northeast region. The markers examined allowed us to distinguish populations from large-scale, intensive farming region (cotton belts) versus populations from areas of small-scale farming.},
	keywords = {Anthonomus grandis},
	isbn = {1676-5680},
	url = {http://www.funpecrp.com.br/GMR/all_issues.htm},
	author = {Martins, W. F. S. and Ayres, C. F. J. and Lucena, W. A.}
}
@article {2806,
	title = {Studies on the genus Anthonomus in North and Central America (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). II. The subgenus Anthonomorphus Dietz},
	journal = {Coleopts Bull., Washington},
	volume = {18},
	year = {1964},
	note = {Zoor10100010773},
	pages = {7-17},
	type = {Article},
	keywords = {Anthonomorphus, Anthonomus, Anthonomus cognatus},
	author = {Burke, H.R.}
}
@article {2741,
	title = {Larvae and pupae of the Anthonomus subgenus Anthonomorphus Dietz, A. grandis Boheman and A. hunteri Burke and Cate (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)},
	journal = {Southwestern Entomologist},
	volume = {9},
	number = {1},
	year = {1984},
	note = {Zoor12100037796},
	pages = {84-90},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Keys are provided for identification of larvae and pupae of the 4 spp. of the subgenus Anthonomorphus, genus Anthonomus (Anthonomus fulvus LeConte, A. peninsularis Dietz, A. texanus Dietz and A. cognatus Burke) and the related species A. grandis Boheman and A. hunteri Burke and Cate. The larva and pupa of A. cognatus are described and illustrated for the 1st time. Notes on host plants, distributions and the taxonomy of the immature stages of the 6 spp. are also presented. New host records are presented for A. fulvus and A. cognatus.},
	keywords = {Anthonomus (Anthonomorphus) cognatus, Anthonomus (Anthonomorphus) fulvus},
	isbn = {0147-1724},
	author = {Burke, H.R. and Clark, W.E. and Cross, W. H.}
}
@article {2727,
	title = {Description of the larva and pupa of Anthonomus peninsularis Dietz (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)},
	journal = {Entomography},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1983},
	note = {Zoor12000051006},
	pages = {89-95},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The pupa and third instar larva of Anthonomus peninsularis Dietz are described and illustrated for the first time. These stages are compared in tabular form with larvae and pupae of the boll weevil, Anthonomous grandis Boheman, with which they may be confused in areas where the two species are sympatric in Arizona and California [USA]. The two species are easily distinguished in the larval stage by the much darker head capsule of A. peninsularis. Several differences exist in setal arrangement, color and form of pupae of the two species.},
	keywords = {Anthonomus (Anthonomorphus) grandis, Anthonomus (Anthonomorphus) peninsularis},
	isbn = {0734-9874},
	author = {Burke, H.R. and Seeno, T. N.}
}
