@article {13548,
	title = {Contribution of symbiotic mycangial fungi to larval nutrition of a leaf-rolling weevil},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	volume = {22},
	number = {6},
	year = {2008},
	month = {November},
	pages = {711-722},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Some phytophagous insects have been known to inoculate certain fungi on plant substrates. In many cases of such insect-fungi relationships it has been considered that fungi contribute to insects by decomposing lignin or polysaccharides, and that the insects feed on the decomposition products or fungi themselves. Females of the leaf-rolling weevil in the genus Euops (Attelabidae) store spores of symbiotic fungi in the mycangia and inoculate them on leaf rolls. To determine the effect of mycangial fungi on larval nutrition in E. lespedezae, the nutritional value was compared between leaves with and without mycangial fungi. Two Penicillium species were isolated from the mycangia. These mycangial fungi showed little effect on the decomposition of lignin and polysaccharides, and showed little effect on enhancement of soluble sugars within leaves. Thus, the mutualism between Euops and its mycangial fungi contrasts with the mainly nutritional mutualisms between wood-infesting insects (termites, bark/ambrosia beetles, and wood wasps) and lignin/polysaccharide-decomposing fungi.},
	keywords = {Euops lespedezae},
	isbn = {0269-7653},
	author = {Kobayashi, Chisato and Fukasawa, Yu and Hirose, Dai and Kato, Makoto}
}
@article {9440,
	title = {Satiation of predispersal seed predators: the importance of considering both plant and seed levels},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	volume = {21},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	month = {June},
	pages = {367-380},
	abstract = {Plants can redeuce the fitness costs of granivory by satiating seed predators. The most common satiation mechanism is the production of large crops, which ensures that a proportion of the seeds survive predation. Nevertheless, satiation of small granivores at the seed level may also exist. Larger seeds would satiate more efficiently, enhancing the probability of seed survival after having been attacked. However, a larger seed size could compromise the efficiency of satiation by means of large crops if there were a negative relationship between seed size and the number of seeds produced by an individual plant. We analyze both types of satiation in the interaction between the holm oak Quercus ilex and the chestnut weevil Curculio elephas. Both crop size and acorn size differed strongly in a sample of 32 trees. Larger crop sizes satiated weevils, and higher proportions of the seeds were not attacked as crop size increased. Larger seeds also satiated weevil larvae, as a larger acorn size increased the likelihood of embryo survival. Seedling size was strongly related to acorn size and was reduced by weevil attack, but seedlings coming from large weeviled acorns were still larger. The number and the size of the acorns produced by individual trees were negatively related. Larger proportions of the crop were infested in oaks producing less numerous crops of larger acorns. However, contrary to expectations, these trees did not satiate more effectively at the seed level either. Effective satiation by larger acorns was precluded by larger multi-infestation rates associated to smaller seed crops, in such a way that the proportion of attacked seeds that survived did not vary among trees with different acorn sizes. These results highlight the need of considering satiation by means of large crops and large seeds in studies of predispersal seed predation. Long-term monitoring on individual oaks will help to assess whether there is a trade-off between the number and the size of the acorns and, if it existed, how it could condition the fitness consequences of both types of satiation.},
	keywords = {Curculio elephas},
	isbn = {0269-7653},
	author = {Bonal, Raul and Munoz, Alberto and Diaz, Mario}
}
@article {9360,
	title = {Genetic architecture and phenotypic plasticity of thermally-regulated traits in an eruptive species, Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	volume = {25},
	number = {6},
	year = {2011},
	month = {November},
	pages = {1269-1288},
	abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity in thermally-regulated traits enables close tracking of changing environmental conditions, and can thereby enhance the potential for rapid population increase, a hallmark of outbreak insect species. In a changing climate, exposure to conditions that exceed the capacity of existing phenotypic plasticity may occur. Combining information on genetic architecture and trait plasticity among populations that are distributed along a latitudinal cline can provide insight into how thermally-regulated traits evolve in divergent environments and the potential for adaptation. Dendroctonus ponderosae feed on Pinus species in diverse climatic regimes throughout western North America, and show eruptive population dynamics. We describe geographical patterns of plasticity in D. ponderosae development time and adult size by examining reaction norms of populations from multiple latitudes. The relative influence of additive and non-additive genetic effects on population differences in the two phenotypic traits at a single temperature is quantified using line-cross experiments and joint-scaling tests. We found significant genetic and phenotypic variation among D. ponderosae populations. Simple additive genetic variance was not the primary source of the observed variation, and dominance and epistasis contributed greatly to the genetic divergence of the two thermally-regulated traits. Hybrid breakdown was also observed in F2 hybrid crosses between northern and southern populations, further indication of substantial genetic differences among clinal populations and potential reproductive isolation within D. ponderosae. Although it is unclear what maintains variation in the life-history traits, observed plasticity in thermally-regulated traits that are directly linked to rapid numerical change may contribute to the outbreak nature of D. ponderosae, particularly in a changing climate.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	isbn = {0269-7653},
	author = {Bentz, Barbara J. and Bracewell, Ryan R. and Mock, Karen E. and Pfrender, Michael E.}
}
@article {9346,
	title = {Inbreeding alters a plant-predispersal seed predator interaction},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	volume = {25},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {815-829},
	abstract = {The effect of inbreeding on genetic diversity is expected to decrease plant defences or vigour-related traits that, in turn, can modify the pattern of attack by herbivores. The selective damage caused by herbivores can produce variable fitness costs between inbred and outcrossed progenies influencing the evolution of a species{\textquoteright} plant mating system. By exposing inbred and outcrossed plants to natural conditions of seed predation, we assessed whether inbreeding increases weevil incidence and infestation, and how weevil seed predation affects the fitness of inbred and outcrossed progeny. To test if inbreeding affected the host{\textquoteright}s plant quality, we weighed the biomass of weevils developed in inbred and outcrossed progenies. An additional experiment was carried out to examine whether weevils preferentially attack vigorous plants regardless from the level of inbreeding. The average value of leaf size was 21\% larger in outcrossed plants than in inbred plants. Likewise, weevil incidence and infestation were 13 and 40\%, respectively, higher on outcrossed plants relative to their inbred counterparts. However, the relative impact of seed predation was significantly lower in outcrossed progeny than in inbred progeny. In contrast, inbreeding did not alter host plant quality and weevils developed in inbred and outcrossed plants had a similar biomass. Variations in fruit number were consistently associated with the infestation level in both experiments, whereas leaf size only predicted the number of weevils in one experiment, suggesting that fruit number is the most influential vigour-related characteristic of a weevil attack. These findings indicate that the costs of inbreeding of the interaction D. stramonium-T. soror were higher for inbred plants than for outcrossed plants. The interaction between seed predation and inbreeding depression could prevent the fixation of selfing as a unique reproductive strategy in D. stramonium.},
	isbn = {0269-7653},
	author = {Bello-Bedoy, Rafael and Cruz, Laura L. and Nunez-Farfan, Juan}
}
