@article {15218,
	title = {Hemocytes of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and their response to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus thuringiensis},
	journal = {Journal of Invertebrate Pathology},
	volume = {106},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {360-365},
	abstract = {Originally from tropical Asia, the Red Palm Weevil (RPW Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier)) is the most dangerous and deadly pest of many palm trees, and there have been reports of its recent detection in France, Greece and Italy. At present, emphasis is on the development of integrated pest management based on biological control rather than on chemical insecticides, however the success of both systems is often insufficient. In this regard, RPW appears to be one pest that is very difficult to control. Thus investigations into the natural defences of this curculionid are advisable. RPW hemocytes, the main immunocompetent cells in the insect, are described for the first time. We identified five hemocyte cell types from the hemolymph of R. ferrugineus: plasmatocytes ([approximately]50\%), granulocytes ([approximately]35\%), prohemocytes ([approximately]8\%), oenocytes ([approximately]4\%) and spherulocytes ([approximately]3\%). SEM observations were also carried out. some aspects of RPW interaction with non-self organisms, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the entomopathogen bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), are discussed. Plasmatocytes and granulocytes were involved in nodules and capsule formation as well as in the phagocytosis of yeast. The hemocyte response of RPW larvae to sub-lethal doses of commercial products containing Bt was examined. In vivo assays were carried out and Bt in vegetative form was found in the hemolymph. After a diet containing Bt, the number of total hemocytes, mainly plasmatocytes, in the RPW larva hemolymph declined sharply ([approximately]12\%) and then remained at a low level, while the number of other circulating cells was almost unchanged. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0022-2011},
	author = {Manachini, Barbara and Arizza, Vincenzo and Parrinello, Daniela and Parrinello, Nicolo}
}
@article {14447,
	title = {Hemocytes of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and their response to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus thuringiensis},
	journal = {Journal of Invertebrate Pathology},
	volume = {106},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {360-365},
	abstract = {Originally from tropical Asia, the Red Palm Weevil (RPW Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier)) is the most dangerous and deadly pest of many palm trees, and there have been reports of its recent detection in France, Greece and Italy. At present, emphasis is on the development of integrated pest management based on biological control rather than on chemical insecticides, however the success of both systems is often insufficient. In this regard, RPW appears to be one pest that is very difficult to control. Thus investigations into the natural defences of this curculionid are advisable. RPW hemocytes, the main immunocompetent cells in the insect, are described for the first time. We identified five hemocyte cell types from the hemolymph of R. ferrugineus: plasmatocytes ([approximately]50\%), granulocytes ([approximately]35\%), prohemocytes ([approximately]8\%), oenocytes ([approximately]4\%) and spherulocytes ([approximately]3\%). SEM observations were also carried out. some aspects of RPW interaction with non-self organisms, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the entomopathogen bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), are discussed. Plasmatocytes and granulocytes were involved in nodules and capsule formation as well as in the phagocytosis of yeast. The hemocyte response of RPW larvae to sub-lethal doses of commercial products containing Bt was examined. In vivo assays were carried out and Bt in vegetative form was found in the hemolymph. After a diet containing Bt, the number of total hemocytes, mainly plasmatocytes, in the RPW larva hemolymph declined sharply ([approximately]12\%) and then remained at a low level, while the number of other circulating cells was almost unchanged. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0022-2011},
	author = {Manachini, Barbara and Arizza, Vincenzo and Parrinello, Daniela and Parrinello, Nicolo}
}
@article {13989,
	title = {The neogregarine protozoan Farinocystis sp. reduces longevity and fecundity in the West Indian sweet potato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire)},
	journal = {Journal of Invertebrate Pathology},
	volume = {105},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	month = {November},
	pages = {298-304},
	abstract = {The number of West Indian sweet potato weevils, Euscepes postfasciatus, being mass-reared in a facility for use in sterile insect technique (SIT) eradication programs has undergone a drastic reduction. A neogregarine protozoan pathogen Farinocystis sp. (an undescribed species) was detected in vivo in the mass-reared E. postfasciatus. We investigated the effects of this disease on the longevity and fecundity of host weevils and the incubation time of the disease in the host body under mass-rearing conditions. Our results demonstrated that infection by this Farinocystis sp. decreased both longevity and fecundity in E. postfasciatus. In particular, the pathogen severely limited the production of progeny by infected females compared to healthy females. Therefore, we consider this protozoan infection to be the major cause of the decreased E. postfasciatus production in the mass-rearing facility. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Euscepes postfasciatus},
	isbn = {0022-2011},
	author = {Kumano, Norikuni and Iwata, Noriko and Kuriwada, Takashi and Shiromoto, Keiko and Haraguchi, Dai and Yasunaga-Aoki, Chisa and Kohama, Tsuguo}
}
@article {11290,
	title = {The lethal and sub-lethal consequences of entomopathogenic nematode infestation and exposure for adult pine weevils, Hylobius abietis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Invertebrate Pathology},
	volume = {104},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {195-202},
	abstract = {Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) frequently kill their host within 1-2 days, and interest in EPN focuses mainly on their lethality. However, insects may take longer to die, or may fail to die despite being infected, but little is known about the effects of EPN infection on insects, other than death. Here we investigate both lethal and sub-lethal effects of infection by two EPN species, Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis downesi, on adults of the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis. Following 12 h nematode-weevil contact in peat, S. carpocapsae killed a significantly higher proportion of weevils (87-93\%) than H. downesi (43-57\%) at all concentrations tested. Less than 10\% of weevils were dead within 2 days, and weevils continued to die for up to 10 days after exposure (LT50 of 3 days or more). In a separate experiment, live weevils dissected 6 days after a 24 h exposure to nematodes on filter paper harbored encapsulated and dead nematodes, showing that weevils could defend themselves against infection. Some live weevils also harbored live nematodes 6 days after they had been removed from the nematode infested medium. Feeding by weevils was not affected by infection with, or exposure to, either species of EPN. We discuss these results in relation to the use of EPN in biological control against H. abietis. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Hylobius abietis},
	isbn = {0022-2011},
	author = {Girling, R. D. and Ennis, D. and Dillon, A. B. and Griffin, C. T.}
}
@article {10853,
	title = {Simulated roots and host feeding enhance infection of subterranean insects by the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae},
	journal = {Journal of Invertebrate Pathology},
	volume = {103},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	month = {February},
	pages = {140-143},
	abstract = {Steinernema carpocapsae can be effective against root-feeding insects despite its reputation as a sedentary ambusher. In pot experiments, using twigs as surrogate roots and pine weevil larvae as targets, we tested the hypothesis that roots serve as physical routeways and conduits of feeding-associated stimuli, thus enhancing the success of S. carpocapsae applied at the surface against subterranean hosts. Insect mortality was lowest (25\%) in the absence of plant material, increased to 48\% when twigs linked nematodes and insects, and further increased to 69\% when the insects were allowed feed on the twigs. This is the first experimental support for the root-routeway hypothesis. },
	isbn = {0022-2011},
	author = {Ennis, D. E. and Dillon, A. B. and Griffin, C. T.}
}
@article {10835,
	title = {Entomopathogenic nematodes, root weevil larvae, and dynamic interactions among soil texture, plant growth, herbivory, and predation},
	journal = {Journal of Invertebrate Pathology},
	volume = {109},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {134-142},
	abstract = {Greenhouse experiments were conducted to assess the influence of soil texture on the persistence, efficacy and plant protection ability of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) applied to control larvae of the Diaprepes root weevil (DRW), Diaprepes abbreviatus, infesting potted citrus seedlings. Seedlings were grown in pots containing either coarse sand, fine sand, or sandy loam. Three DRW larvae were added to each of 80 pots of each soil type. 24 h later, 20 pots of each soil type that had received weevil larvae were inoculated with EPN infective juveniles (Us) of one of the following species: Steinemema diaprepesi, Steinernema riobrave and Heterorhabditis indica. Pots of each soil without EPNs were established as controls with DRW and controls without DRWs. Subsequently, pots with larvae received three additional larvae monthly, and the experiment continued for 9 months. Plant root and top weights at the end of the experiment were affected by both soil (P <= 0.0001) and nematodes (P <= 0.0001), and nematode species protected plants differently in different soils (interaction P <= 0.0001). Soil porosity was inversely related to plant damage by DRW, whether or not EPNs were present; and porosity was directly related to the level of plant protection by EPNs. Mortality of caged sentinel weevil larvae placed in pots near the end of the experiment was highest in pots treated with S. diaprepesi. In a second, similar experiment that included an additional undescribed steinernematid of the Steinemema glaseri-group, soil type affected root damage by DRW and root protection by EPNs in the same manner as in the first experiment. Final numbers of S. diaprepesi and Steinemema sp. as measured by real-time PCR were much greater than those of S. riobrave or H. indica in all soils. Across all treatments, the number of weevil larvae in soil at the end the experiment was inversely related to soil porosity. In all soils, fewer weevil larvae survived in soil treated with S. diaprepesi or Steinemema sp. than in controls with DRW or treatments with S. riobrave or H. indica. The results of these experiments support the hypothesis that EPNs provide greater protection of seedlings against DRW larvae in coarse textured soil than in finer textured soil. However, less vigorous growth of the control without DRW seedlings in the two finer textured soils suggests that unidentified factors that stressed seedlings in those soils also impaired the ability of seedlings to tolerate weevil herbivory. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Diaprepes abbreviatus},
	isbn = {0022-2011},
	author = {El-Borai, Fahiem E. and Stuart, Robin J. and Campos-Herrera, Raquel and Pathak, Ekta and Duncan, Larry W.}
}
@article {9586,
	title = {Effects of a novel microsporidium on the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Invertebrate Pathology},
	volume = {98},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	month = {July},
	pages = {351-355},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A newly discovered microsporidium infecting the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), provisionally placed in the genus Canningia, was studied to determine its impact on O. sulcatus. O. sulcatus populations from several locations were sampled and evaluated for microsporidiosis. A very low prevalence of the disease was observed in all locations surveyed (<3.0\%). Laboratory studies were conducted by orally exposing both larvae and adults of O. sulcatus to varying concentrations of Canningia sp. Spores. Larval bioassays at a variety of dosages (0, 10, etc.) were performed to evaluate pathogen infectivity, larval survival and growth. Adult bioassays (dosages: 0, 10, etc.) were performed to evaluate longevity, fecundity and mechanisms of vertical pathogen transmission. Larvae and adults were infected in all spore treatments. Larval growth was significantly reduced at dosages above 10 spores/larva. Adults infected at all dosages experienced high levels of mortality and fecundity was reduced to zero. Greenhouse trials were performed to determine if larvae feeding in soil acquired infections when spores were topically applied as a drench application (0, 105, 106, 107 spores/pot). Established larvae feeding on plant roots in pots developed infections when exposed to drench treatments of 106 and 107 spores/pot after 14-21 days. Canningia sp. is an acute pathogen of O. sulcatus infective to both larvae and adults. Topically applied spores also infected larvae feeding on roots in soilless potting media, suggesting the possibility of using this pathogen in a microbial control program. Published by Elsevier In},
	keywords = {Otiorhynchus sulcatus},
	isbn = {0022-2011},
	author = {Bruck, Denny J. and Solter, Leellen F. and Lake, Amanda}
}
@article {9587,
	title = {Susceptibility of the filbertworm (Cydia latiferreana, Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and filbert weevil (Curculio occidentalis, Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to entomopathogenic nematodes},
	journal = {Journal of Invertebrate Pathology},
	volume = {96},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	month = {September},
	pages = {93-96},
	abstract = {The objective of this study was to determine the susceptibility of the two primary direct insect pests of hazelnuts in Oregon to three species of entomopathogenic nematodes. The entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis marelatus Pt. Reyes, Steinernema carpocapsae All and Steinernema kraussei L137) were used in laboratory soil bioassays to determine their virulence against filbertworm, Cydia latiferreana (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and filbert weevil, Curculio occidentalis (Casey) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). All three nematode species were infective in laboratory bioassays. Infectivity ranged from 73-100\%) and 23-85\%, for filbertworm and filbert weevil, respectively. Field results were similar to those found in the laboratory with filbertworm larvae being more susceptible to nematode infection. Published by Elsevier Inc.},
	keywords = {Curculio occidentalis},
	isbn = {0022-2011},
	author = {Bruck, Denny J. and Walton, Vaughn M.}
}
@article {9182,
	title = {Laboratory trials to infect insects and nematodes by some acaropathogenic Hirsutella strains (Mycota: Clavicipitaceous anamorphs)},
	journal = {Journal of Invertebrate Pathology},
	volume = {97},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	month = {February},
	pages = {103-113},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Laboratory assays have been carried out to artificially infect insect larvae of the birch bark-beetle (Scolytus ratzeburgi Jans.-Coleoptera, Scolytidae) and codling moth Cydia pomonella L. -Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) as well as the potato cyst nematode-Globodera rostochiensis Wollenweber, sugar beet nematode-Heterodera schachtii Schmidt and root-knot nematode-Meloidogyne hapla Chif (Nematoda, Heteroderidae), by the phialoconidia of some fungal species of the genus Hirsutella. From among four species tested on insects only H. nodulosa Petch infected about 20\% of S. ratzeburgi larvae, whereas H. kirchneri (Rostrup) Minter, Brady et Hall, H. minnesotensis Chen, Liu et Chen, and H. rostrata Balazy et Wisniewski did not affect insect larvae. Only single eggs of the root-knot nematode were infected by H. minnesotensis in the laboratory trials, whereas its larvae remained unaffected. No infection cases of the potato cyst nematode (G. rostochiensis) and sugar beet nematode eggs were obtained. Comparisons of DNA-ITS-region sequences of the investigated strains with GenBank data showed no differences between H. minnesotensis isolates from the nematodes Heterodera glycines Ichinohe and from tarsonemid mites (authors{\textquoteright} isolate). A fragment of ITS 2 with the sequence characteristic only for H. minnesotensis was selected. Two cluster analyses indicated close similarity of this species to H. thompsonii as sister clades, but the latter appeared more heterogenous. Insect and mite pathogenic species H. nodulosa localizes close to specialized aphid pathogen H. aphidis, whereas the phytophagous mite pathogens H. kirchneri and H. gregis form a separate sister clade. Hirsutella rostrata does not show remarkable relations to the establishment of aforementioned groups. Interrelated considerations on the morphology, biology and DNA sequencing of investigated Hirsutella species state their identification more precisely and facilitate the establishment of systematic positions. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved},
	keywords = {Scolytus ratzeburgi},
	isbn = {0022-2011},
	author = {Balazy, Stanislaw and Wrzosek, Marta and Sosnowska, Danuta and Tkaczuk, Cezary and Muszewska, Anna}
}
@article {2178,
	title = {Virus-like particles in the ovaries of Microctonus aethiopoides Loan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of adult weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).},
	journal = {Journal of Invertebrate Pathology},
	volume = {73},
	year = {1999},
	note = {ORIG-Title-Journal-Volume-Combination:  Virus-like particles in the ovaries of Microctonus aethiopoides Loan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of adult weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 73},
	pages = {182-188},
	author = {Barratt, B. I. P. and Evans, A.A. and Stoltz, D.B. and Vinson, S.B. and R. Easingwood.}
}
