@article {15206,
	title = {Pathogenicity and culture of a Heterorhabditis indica isolate from Thailand},
	journal = {Nematropica},
	volume = {41},
	number = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {52-61},
	abstract = {An isolate of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis indica, designated "T2," was collected in Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. The life cycle of T2 in Galleria mellonella larvae required 10 days and two generations at 25[degree]C. The first generation was hermaphroditic and the second was amphimictic. Survival of infective-stage juveniles in water-filled sponges at 15[degree]C was 81\% after 1 month. In the laboratory, T2 was able to penetrate and kill Aphis gossypii, Spodoptera exigua, Sitophilus zeamais, Tenebrio molitor, Bactrocera correcta, and Coptotermis gestroi but reproduced poorly in all of these hosts except S. exigua. In G. mellonella, T2 reproduced best at 25[degree]C, and the optimum soil moisture for infection was 7 to 9\%. Isolate T2 reared on yeast salt broth caused 84\% mortality 2 days after inoculation of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) third-instar larvae. The best artificial medium for mass-rearing H. indica T2 was modified yeast salt broth containing 2.0\% soluble starch, 1.5\% yeast extract, 2.5\% nutrient broth, 1.0\% lard, and 2.0\% MgCl2[center dot]6H2O.},
	keywords = {Sitophilus zeamais},
	isbn = {0099-5444},
	author = {Maketon, Monchan and Somsook, Vacharee and Rattanakorn, Pavinee and Hotaka, Dararat}
}
@article {14430,
	title = {Pathogenicity and culture of a Heterorhabditis indica isolate from Thailand},
	journal = {Nematropica},
	volume = {41},
	number = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {52-61},
	abstract = {An isolate of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis indica, designated "T2," was collected in Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. The life cycle of T2 in Galleria mellonella larvae required 10 days and two generations at 25[degree]C. The first generation was hermaphroditic and the second was amphimictic. Survival of infective-stage juveniles in water-filled sponges at 15[degree]C was 81\% after 1 month. In the laboratory, T2 was able to penetrate and kill Aphis gossypii, Spodoptera exigua, Sitophilus zeamais, Tenebrio molitor, Bactrocera correcta, and Coptotermis gestroi but reproduced poorly in all of these hosts except S. exigua. In G. mellonella, T2 reproduced best at 25[degree]C, and the optimum soil moisture for infection was 7 to 9\%. Isolate T2 reared on yeast salt broth caused 84\% mortality 2 days after inoculation of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) third-instar larvae. The best artificial medium for mass-rearing H. indica T2 was modified yeast salt broth containing 2.0\% soluble starch, 1.5\% yeast extract, 2.5\% nutrient broth, 1.0\% lard, and 2.0\% MgCl2[center dot]6H2O.},
	keywords = {Sitophilus zeamais},
	isbn = {0099-5444},
	author = {Maketon, Monchan and Somsook, Vacharee and Rattanakorn, Pavinee and Hotaka, Dararat}
}
@article {13242,
	title = {Irradiation effect of X-rays on adults of Sitophilus zeamais},
	journal = {Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology},
	volume = {48},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {1042-1045},
	abstract = {The effect of X-rays on adults of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky was studied in order to improve the irradiation treatment of stored food. X-rays had a significant effect on the activity, mortality and fertility of this insect pest. Radiation levels over 70 Gy can achieve 100\% adult mortality after 48 days. For practical purposes, 200 Gy can be regarded as a suitable lethal dose for eradicating S. zeamais adults and 100 Gy for preventing F1 production.},
	keywords = {Sitophilus zeamais},
	author = {Kang, Fen-Fen and Wei, Chun-Yan and Qin, Huai-Li and Li, Zhi-Hong}
}
@article {12580,
	title = {Contact and fumigant toxicities of calamusenone isolated from Acorus gramineus rhizome against adults of Sitophilus zeamais and Rhizopertha dominica},
	journal = {Insect Science},
	volume = {18},
	number = {2},
	year = {2011},
	month = {April},
	pages = {181-188},
	abstract = {Calamusenone (3,8-dimethyl-5-(1-methylethylidene)-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroazulene-6- one, C15H22O) from Acorus gramineus Soland rhizome was tested in the laboratory for its insecticidal activities against adults of Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. and Rhizopertha dominica (Fab.), using dry film contact and fumigation methods. Responses varied with insect species, dosage and exposure time. In the dry film contact experiment, the highest insecticidal effects of calamusenone against S. zeamais and R. dominica adults were produced at 170.32 [mu]g/cm2 after treatment for 72 h, with 96.2\% and 98.7\% mortalities, respectively. The median lethal concentration (LC50) (72 h) values of calamusenone against S. zeamais and R. dominica adults were 67.00 [mu]g/cm2 and 77.30 [mu]g/cm2, respectively. As a potential fumigant, calamusenone showed moderate insecticidal effect on the adults of S. zeamais and R. dominica in fumigation experiment, with their LC50 (120 h) values of 125.71 [mu]L/L and 93.64 [mu]L/L respectively. Calamusenone isolated from A. gramineus rhizome showed promise as a novel pesticide candidate for stored-product pest control.},
	keywords = {Sitophilus zeamais},
	isbn = {1672-9609},
	author = {Huang, Yan-Zhang and Hua, Hong-Xia and Li, Shi-Guang and Yang, Chang-Ju}
}
@article {11989,
	title = {Mass-rearing of Pyemotes zhonghuajia (Prostigmata: Pyemotidae) with substitute hosts},
	journal = {Chinese Journal of Biological Control},
	volume = {27},
	number = {2},
	year = {2011},
	month = {May},
	pages = {165-170},
	abstract = {Chinese beetle mite (Pyemotes zhonghuajia) is a new species, which was first discovered in China and has broad application prospects. In this experiment, preference of P. zhonghuajia for and development on substitute and natural hosts were investigated, as well as the development of the mites reared by different hosts. Results showed that the most favorite hosts for P. zhonghuajia were larvae of Sitotroga cerealella, the substitute host, and Stenhomalus tainoons, the natural host, with selection coefficient of 0.6743 and 0.6493, respectively. The second favorite hosts were Scolvtua seulensis and Sitophilus zeamai, with selection coefficient of 0.5006 and 0.4619, respectively. The selection coefficient of the first group was significantly higher than that of the second group, though no difference was observed within each group. When the mites were reared by substitute hosts of S. cerealella, S. zeamais and natural hosts of S. seulensis, S. taiwanu s, duration from inoculation to offspring production was 6.8, 7.9, 7.4, 7.8 d, respectively ; maximum expanding abdomen diameter of the female mite was 0.9871, 0.9243, 0.9662, 0.9423 mm, respectively; number of the female offspring per mother was 109.6, 105.5, 130.3, 115.9, respectively ; crawling speed was 5.51, 5.20, 5.89, 5.34 cm [center dot]min-1, respectively; and number of the hosts killed by per mite was 9.3, 9.3, 9.2, 9.6, respectively. Generation duration of the mite was significantly shorter when reared on S. cerealella than on other hosts, but no difference was observed in other characteristic of the mite reared with either natural hosts or substitute hosts. Thus, it is recommended that larvae of S. cerealella and S. zeamais could be used as substitute hosts for mass rearing P. zhonghuajia},
	keywords = {Sitophilus zeamais},
	isbn = {1005-9261},
	author = {He, Li-min and Yu, Li-chen and Jiao, Rui and Xu, Chang-xin and Hao, Bao-feng}
}
@article {11526,
	title = {Efficacy of powdered maize cobs against the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in stored maize in Senegal},
	journal = {International Journal of Tropical Insect Science},
	volume = {32},
	number = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {94-100},
	abstract = {Powdered maize cobs were tested as an alternative for pesticide use in stored maize. Five doses (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 g/250 g seed) of powdered maize cobs applied at particle sizes of 1.4 and 0.4 mm diameter were compared with actellic powder against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky for 120 days. Mortality and survival data showed that cob powders did not act as fumigant but exerted a potent inhibition of progeny on direct contact with S. zeamais adults. The particle size of powdered cobs had no effect on maize damage and losses. At doses equal to or higher than 6 g powdered maize cobs/250 g grain maize, i.e. 2.4\% (w/w), damage to grain was <5\% and weight losses <1\%. The protection offered at the highest dose was comparable to the pesticide control. The use of powdered maize cobs is discussed as a natural alternative to synthetic pesticides for protection of maize against S. zeamais.},
	keywords = {Sitophilus zeamais},
	isbn = {1742-7584},
	author = {Gueye, Momar Talla and Cissokho, Papa Seyni and Goergen, Georg and Ndiaye, Saliou and Seck, Dogo and Gueye, Goule and Wathelet, J. P. and Lognay, Georges}
}
@article {11525,
	title = {Resistance of stored-product insects to phosphine},
	journal = {Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira},
	volume = {43},
	number = {12},
	year = {2008},
	month = {December},
	pages = {1671-1676},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The objectives of this work were to assess phosphine resistance in insect Populations (Tribolium castaneum, Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitophilus Zeamais and Oryzaephilus surinamenis) from different regions of Brazil and to verify if the prevailing mechanism of phosphine resistance in these populations involves reduced respiration rates. Sixteen Populations of T. castaneum, 15 of R. dominica, 27 of S. zeamais and eight of O. surinamensis were collected from 36 locations over seven Brazilian states. Each population vas tested for resistance to phosphine, based on the response of adults to discriminating concentrations, according to FAO standard method. For each insect species, the production of carbon dioxide of file most resistant and of the most Susceptible populations was inversely related to their phosphine resistance. The screening tests identified possible phosphine resistant populations. R. dominica and O. surinamensis were less susceptible to phosphine than the other two species. The populations with lower respiration rate showed a lower mortality at discriminating concentration, possibly related to a phosphine resistance mechanism. Phosphine resistance occurs in stored-product insects, in different regions of Brazil, and the resistance mechanism involves reduced respiration rate.},
	keywords = {Sitophilus zeamais},
	isbn = {0100-204X},
	author = {Guerra Pimentel, Marco Aurelio and D{\textquoteright}Antonino Faroni, Leda Rita and Batista, Maurilio Duarte and da Silva, Felipe Humberto}
}
@article {11503,
	title = {Deltamethrin-induced feeding plasticity in pyrethroid-susceptible and -resistant strains of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Entomology},
	volume = {133},
	number = {7},
	year = {2009},
	month = {August},
	pages = {524-532},
	abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity contributes to the adaptative evolution of populations exposed to new or altered environments. Feeding plasticity is a component of phenotypic plasticity not usually considered in insect strains adapted to insecticide-altered environments, but which may either accentuate or mitigate insecticide resistance. This is a concern in the pyrethroid-resistant strains of the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. (Col., Curculionidae), and the reason for this study. A pyrethroid-susceptible and two pyrethroid-resistant strains of maize weevil were subjected to free-choice and no-choice tests with maize grains sprayed with increasing doses of the pyrethroid, deltamethrin. The insects from the pyrethroid-resistant strains exhibited higher feeding avoidance with increased deltamethrin doses than insects from the susceptible strain when subjected to free-choice tests. The strains of maize weevil physiologically resistant to pyrethroids were also behaviourally resistant to deltamethrin [long dash] an additional management concern. The resistant strains avoid deltamethrin-sprayed grains and are less nutritionally affected by this compound, with divergent responses from the susceptible strain with increased doses of deltamethrin. Furthermore, the higher relative growth rate and consequently higher efficiency of food conversion observed in the insecticide-resistant strains were significant even without insecticide exposure, indicating that these traits are stimulus-independent and may persist even without further insecticide selection, potentially limiting the options available for their management.},
	keywords = {Sitophilus zeamais},
	isbn = {0931-2048},
	author = {Guedes, N. M. P. and Guedes, R. N. C. and Silva, L. B. and Cordeiro, E. M. G.}
}
@article {11504,
	title = {Insecticide-induced hormesis in an insecticide-resistant strain of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Entomology},
	volume = {134},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {142-148},
	abstract = {Sublethal responses to insecticides are frequently neglected in studies of insecticide resistance, although stimulatory effects associated with low doses of compounds toxic at higher doses, such as insecticides, have been recognized as a general toxicological phenomenon. Evidence for this biphasic dose-response relationship, or hormesis, was recognized as one of the potential causes underlying pest resurgence and secondary pest outbreaks. Hormesis has also potentially important implications for managing insecticide-resistant populations of insect-pest species, but evidence of its occurrence in such context is lacking and fitness parameters are seldom considered in these studies. Here, we reported the stimulatory effect of sublethal doses of the pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin sprayed on maize grains infested with a pyrethroid-resistant strain of the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The parameters estimated from the fertility tables of resistant insects exposed to deltamethrin indicated a peak in the net reproductive rate at 0.05 ppm consequently leading to a peak in the intrinsic rate of population growth at this dose. The phenomenon is consistent with insecticide-induced hormesis and its potential management implications are discussed.},
	keywords = {Sitophilus zeamais},
	isbn = {0931-2048},
	author = {Guedes, N. M. P. and Tolledo, J. and Correa, A. S. and Guedes, R. N. C.}
}
@article {11502,
	title = {Flight take-off and walking behavior of insecticide-susceptible and -resistant strains of Sitophilus zeamais exposed to deltamethrin},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {99},
	number = {4},
	year = {2009},
	month = {August},
	pages = {393-400},
	abstract = {Insects have evolved a variety of physiological and behavioral responses to various toxins in natural and managed ecosystems. However, insect behavior is seldom considered in insecticide studies although insects are capable of changing their behavior in response to their sensory perception of insecticides, which may compromise insecticide efficacy. This is particularly serious for insect pests that are physiologically resistant to insecticides since insecticide avoidance may further compromise their management. Locomotion plays a major role determining insecticide exposure and was, therefore, considered in investigating the behavioral responses of male and female adult insects from an insecticide-susceptible and two insecticide-resistant strains of the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a major pest of stored cereals. Different dose-dependent behavioral responses were expected among strains with behavioral resistance less likely to occur in physiologically resistant insects since they are able to withstand higher doses of insecticide. The behavioral responses to deltamethrin-sprayed surfaces differed among the maize weevil strains. Such responses were concentration-independent for all of the strains. Stimulus-independent behavioral resistance was unrelated to physiological resistance with one resistant strain exhibiting higher rates of flight take-off and the other resistant strain exhibiting lower flight take-off. Female mobility was similar for all strains, unlike male mobility. Males of each strain exhibited a pattern of mobility following the same trend of flight take-off. Behavioral patterns of response to insecticide are, therefore, variable among strains, particularly among insecticide-resistant strains, and worth considering in resistance surveys and management programs.},
	keywords = {Sitophilus zeamais},
	isbn = {0007-4853},
	author = {Guedes, N. M. P. and Guedes, R. N. C. and Ferreira, G. H. and Silva, L. B.}
}
@article {11501,
	title = {Contest behaviour of maize weevil larvae when competing within seeds},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	volume = {79},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	month = {February},
	pages = {281-289},
	abstract = {Food limitation induces severe competition for obligate seed-feeding insect larvae that are unable to leave the seed selected by their mother. The number of eggs laid per seed and the number of larvae hatched from the eggs are important determinants of whether larval behaviour within the seed will be of the scramble or the contest type. In maize weevils, Sitophilus zeamais, few adults emerge per seed regardless of the number of eggs laid, which may arise from scramble competition, if the optimum egg density (i.e. egg density leading to maximum total larval fitness) is low compared to the number of eggs laid per seed, or from contest competition due to direct interference among the larvae. The behavioural process and the ecological outcome of competition were assessed in two strains of the maize weevil. Neither strain showed a reduction in body mass with increased competition, and they had similar optimal egg densities (two eggs per seed). There was a hump in the larval fitness curve suggesting a scramble competition, but this conclusion is compromised because the optimum egg density was small (two eggs per seed). X-ray imaging of seeds was used to observe interactions of larvae within the seed and showed direct interference, with aggression among the larvae. This provides evidence of contest-like competition within seeds even when egg density was low. Hence, one should be cautious in inferring the underlying type of competitive behaviour from variables such as body mass and initial egg density per seed. Direct observation of behaviour is required to make such an inference. (C) 2009 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Sitophilus zeamais},
	isbn = {0003-3472; 1095-8282},
	author = {Guedes, Nelsa Maria P. and Guedes, Raul Narciso C. and Campbell, James F. and Throne, James E.}
}
@article {11304,
	title = {Infestation and population dynamics of insects on stored cassava and yams chips in Benin, West Africa},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology},
	volume = {101},
	number = {6},
	year = {2008},
	month = {December},
	pages = {1967-1973},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Natural insect infestation in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz subspecies esculenta) and yam (Dioscorea spp.) chips was evaluated during two consecutive storage seasons (2003-2004 and 2004-2005) in two agroecological zones of Benin (Northern Guinea Savanna [NGS] and Sudan Savanna [SS]). The insects infesting chips were collected, identified, and counted, they included Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae), Cathartus quadricollis (Guerin) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae), Carpophilus dimidiatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). P. truncatus and C. quadricollis were observed with a higher prevalence on cassava than on yam chips. During both seasons after 3 mo of storage, all (100\%) cassava chip samples were infested with P. truncatus and C. quadricollis in both agroecological zones, whereas yam chips only showed lower infestation rates of 59.5 and 19.1\% for P. truncatus and C. quadricollis, respectively, at the end of storage in 2003-2004. During the 2004-2005 season after 3 mo of storage infestation rate in yam chips was 66 and 24\% in NGS and 100 and 0\% in SS for P. truncatus and C. quadricollis, respectively, showing that insect infestation levels vary significantly with commodity, year, and fluctuate during the storage season.},
	keywords = {Sitophilus zeamais},
	isbn = {0022-0493},
	author = {Gnonlonfin, G. J. B. and Hell, K. and Siame, A. B. and Fandohan, P.}
}
@article {11006,
	title = {Partial characterization of glutathione S-transferases in pyrethroid-resistant and -susceptible populations of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais},
	journal = {Journal of Stored Products Research},
	volume = {43},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007},
	pages = {167-170},
	abstract = {Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) from a susceptible (Sete Lagoas) and two pyrethroid-resistant populations (Jacarezinho and Juiz de Fora) of the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were characterized through in vitro colorimetric assays. GSTs showed higher activity peaks at pH 9.0 and 30[degree]C. The Km-values for GSTs were similar among the populations except for the resistant population from Juiz de Fora, which was about two-fold higher than the susceptible population from Sete Lagoas when using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as substrate (and a fixed concentration of reduced glutathione-GSH). The Vmax of this same resistant population was also over two-fold higher than that of the pyrethroid-susceptible population when CDNB and GSH were used as substrates. The resistant population from Jacarezinho also had a slightly, but significantly, higher Vmax than the susceptible population when using these two substrates. However, there were no significant differences among the kinetic parameters of GSTs from the maize weevil populations when DCNB and GSH were used as substrates. These results provide evidence of the involvement of enhanced GST activity as an additional pyrethroid-resistant mechanism in at least some maize weevil populations from Brazil.},
	keywords = {Sitophilus zeamais},
	isbn = {0022-474X},
	author = {Fragoso, Daniel B. and Guedes, Raul Narciso C. and Oliveira, Maria Goreti A.}
}
@article {10990,
	title = {Comparative analysis of upper thermal tolerance and CO2 production rate during heat shock in two different European strains of Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Stored Products Research},
	volume = {46},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {20-27},
	abstract = {The maize weevil is a major pest of maize crops and post-harvest grain stocks in tropical countries that became established in western and southern European countries a few decades ago. The hypothesis that this species has adapted to the environmental conditions of temperate climates would be supported by significant adaptative changes in the responses to key ecological factors. Response to heat tolerance is one area likely to show such adaptive changes. In order to test the adaptation hypothesis, a comparative analysis of critical points of the kinetics of CO2 production rate during a heat treatment, using two Sitophilus zeamais strains originating in France (Sze_05) and in Portugal (Sze_19), was carried out by the "thermolimit respiration test" that allowed three critical temperature levels to be determined: 1) the spiracle closing point (SCP), 2) the heat stupor point (HSP) and 3) the death point (DP). The SCP was observed at 45.2 [degree]C and 44.3 [degree]C for Sze_05 and Sze_19 respectively. The HSP was observed at 46.9 [degree]C and 46.3 [degree]C and the DP was observed at 50.0 [degree]C and 48.6 [degree]C respectively for the two strains. The difference between the two strains was significant only for the DP temperature (P = 0.045). Comparison of adult and larval stages revealed a very different physiological response to a "fast" heat increase, with a spiracle closure phase much more marked for larvae than for adults. The understanding of the influence of environmental adaptation on physiological response to heat stress by the thermolimit respirometry test requires further study using fresh strains of S. zeamais originating from temperate countries. However, the methodology used in this trial can be useful for the rapid assessment of the "heat tolerance profile" for insect populations infesting cereal grain or food processing factories so that schedules for heat disinfestation of cereal processing plants can be optimised. [copyright] 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Sitophilus zeamais},
	isbn = {0022-474X},
	author = {Fleurat-Lessard, Francis and Dupuis, Steve A.}
}
@article {10860,
	title = {Efficacy of some plant species for the control of cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus) and maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais)},
	journal = {International Journal of Agriculture and Biology},
	volume = {10},
	number = {5},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008},
	pages = {588-590},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The influence of leaf powders of Vitex grandifolia and Dracaena arborea incorporated into maize and cowpea flour on the survival of maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) and cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus), respectively was tested. Survival of adult beetles of maize and cowpea weevil was least on cowpea (10 g) and maize (10 g) flour treated with 3 g V. grandifolia (3.30-20\%, 6.70-20\%, respectively) and 3 g D. arborea (3.300-13.3\%, 0.0-3.3\%, respectively) compared to other treatments, which included different concentrations of the leaf powders. V. grandifolia was inhibitory to mean adult emergence of C. maculatus (7.00-9.33) and S. zeamais (8.00-9.67) compared with the control (15.00). However, D. arborea did not differ from the control. It is concluded that V. grandifolia has great potential for use as a plant-based biopesticide for controlling both weevil pests.},
	keywords = {Sitophilus zeamais},
	isbn = {1560-8530},
	author = {Epidi, Timothy T. and Nwani, C. D. and Udoh, S.}
}
@article {10861,
	title = {Susceptibility of Sitophilus zeamais Mots. and Callosobruchus maculatus F. to plant parts of Ricinodendron heudelotii},
	journal = {Journal of Plant Protection Research},
	volume = {49},
	number = {4},
	year = {2009},
	month = {January},
	pages = {411-415},
	abstract = {Studies were carried out in the laboratory to determine the efficacy of powders from plant parts of Ricinodendron heudelotii against the storage pests Sitophilus zeamais and Callosobruchus maculatus on stored maize and cowpea, respectively. Leaf, bark and root powders were added as admixtures to 100 g of grains to assess contact toxicity, damage assessment, progeny production and grain germination. Results indicated that the plant materials were toxic to the two insect species with over 30\% and 75\% mortality for S. zeamais and C. maculatus, respectively. Observable damage level was significantly (p <= 0.05) lower in treated grains while progeny production by both insect species was significantly (p = 0.05) reduced. Grain germination of both crops was not affected by the powders. The potential use of P. heudelotii in storage pest management is discussed.},
	keywords = {Sitophilus zeamais},
	isbn = {1427-4345},
	author = {Epidi, Timothy T. and Udo, Ime O. and Osakwe, Joseph A.}
}
@article {10765,
	title = {Transposable element loads in a bacterial symbiont of weevils are extremely variable},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {74},
	number = {24},
	year = {2008},
	month = {December},
	pages = {7832-7834},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Not only are transposable elements profuse in the bacterial endosymbiont of maize weevils, but we found that their quantities also vary 10-fold among individual weevils. Because multicopy elements can facilitate homologous recombination, this insertion sequence (IS) load variability suggests that these essentially asexual bacteria may exhibit substantial intraspecific genomic variation.},
	keywords = {Curculionoidea, Sitophilus zeamais},
	isbn = {0099-2240},
	author = {Dougherty, Kevin M. and Plague, Gordon R.}
}
@article {10518,
	title = {Bidirectional selection for body mass and correlated response of pyrethroid resistance and fitness in Sitophilus zeamais},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Entomology},
	volume = {135},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	month = {May},
	pages = {285-292},
	abstract = {Responses to artificial selection on body mass in the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were investigated to determine whether changes in body mass are associated with insecticide susceptibility, rate of population growth, and metabolic rate. Two strains of the maize weevil differing in susceptibility to pyrethroid insecticides were subjected to bidirectional selection on body mass. The susceptible strain responded to selection resulting in individuals with lower or higher body mass, but the resistant strain responded significantly only to selection for lower body mass. The resistant strain selected for low body mass increased its level of deltamethrin resistance in 44 x . In contrast, selection for low body mass in the susceptible parental strain led to increased deltamethrin susceptibility (50 x ) and selection for high body mass increased deltamethrin resistance (4 x ). Thus, the correlated response of insecticide resistance to selection for body mass differed between strains, a likely consequence of their distinct genetic background. Regardless, body mass was positively correlated with fitness (reproductive output) (r = 0.79; P < 0.001), while such correlation with respiration rate was significant only at P = 0.07 (r = 0.44). Therefore, the association between body mass and deltamethrin resistance is population-dependent in the maize weevil, and the confluence of deltamethrin resistance and high body mass in a given strain will likely favour its energy metabolism and lead to the mitigation of fitness costs usually associated with insecticide resistance. The genetic background and selection history of insecticide resistant populations should not be neglected since they may favour the confluence of insecticide resistance with mitigation mechanisms of its associated fitness costs limiting the tactics available to their management.},
	keywords = {Sitophilus zeamais},
	isbn = {0931-2048},
	author = {Correa, A. S. and Tolledo, J. and Pereira, E. J. G. and Guedes, R. N. C.}
}
@article {10510,
	title = {Insects associated with perishable vegetables in supermarkets, in Tabasco, Mexico.},
	journal = {Boletin del Museo de Entomologia de la Universidad del Valle},
	volume = {12},
	number = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Julio},
	pages = {25-32},
	abstract = {The aim of this study was to determine the species of insects associated with vegetable perishable products for human consumption, displayed on shelf in supermarkets of the state of Tabasco, Mexico. Samples were taken in 12 supermarkets located at six locations, under uncontrolled temperature conditions, in five municipalities of the state. A total of 58 samples from 14 plant species were examined and 3529 insect specimens were sepa- rated. They corresponded to 24 species belonging to the following orders: Coleoptera (15), Hymenoptera (4), Lepidoptera (2), Blattodea (1), Psocoptera (1) and Hemiptera (1). Zabrotes subfasciatus (30.5\%) and Sitophilus zeamais (28.7\%) displayed the highest percentages of specimens. Rhizopertha dominica, Tribollium cas- taneum and Cadra cautella were the species found in various products. Products with higher number of insect species were associated with the paste soup (Triticum durum), the dried chile (Capsicum annuum) and maize (Zea mays). The species found in the five municipalities were S. zeamais, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, T. cas- taneum and C. cautella. Lasioderma serricorne, Araecerus fasciculatus, Conotelus stenoides, Ectopsocus richardsi and Lyctocoris campestris are recorded for the first time in Tabasco.},
	keywords = {Sitophilus zeamais},
	isbn = {1909-2822; 0121-733X},
	author = {Cordova Ballona, Leonides and Sanchez Soto, Saul and Garcia Lopez, Eustolia and Ortiz Garcia, Carlos Fredy}
}
@article {9967,
	title = {Effects of introducing trehalose gene into rice on the life history of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)},
	journal = {Korean Journal of Applied Entomology},
	volume = {47},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	month = {March},
	pages = {23-29},
	type = {Article},
	keywords = {Sitophilus zeamais},
	isbn = {1225-0171},
	author = {Chun, Yong Shik and Ryu, Ki Hyun and Kim, Sung Uk and Ko, Ye-Kang and Choi, Karam and Nam, Youngwoo and Ryoo, Mun Il}
}
@article {9890,
	title = {Laboratory studies on control of the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais by the parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae},
	journal = {Science Asia},
	volume = {36},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	month = {March},
	pages = {6-11},
	abstract = {Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard), a cosmopolitan parasitoid, attacks several beetle pests of stored products, including the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky). Two laboratory experiments were conducted at ambient conditions (25-29 [degree]C, 60-70\% RH natural photoperiod). A short-term experiment evaluated the density of A. calandrae (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, or 20 per box) for the optimal production of parasitoids in 3825-cm3 boxes containing milled rice. The percentage of parasitoid emergence was highest and the percentages of weevil emergence and parasitoid-induced mortality i.e., parasitoid mortality resulting from superparasitism were relatively low with 16 females per box rather than with smaller (0 to 12) or larger (20) numbers of females added per box. The decline in parasitoid emergence at the highest parasitoid density tested (20 females per box) was probably due to superparasitism. A long-term experiment was conducted to determine the parasitoid densities (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 per bottle) that most effectively suppress weevils in milled rice during 6 months of storage in 1-1 bottles. To simulate repetitive release of parasitoid, the same number of parasitoids was introduced after each monthly sampling. The number of maize weevils decreased as parasitoid density increased. The best control was obtained with 10 female parasitoids per bottle. At this density, the number of emerged weevil remained stable from the third to the sixth month. Based on the short-term experiment, a parasitoid-host ratio of 1:47 will produce the largest number of parasitoids. Based on the long-term experiment, a parasitoid-host ratio of 1:30 will provide the best control of maize weevils in a monthly release program. The current results indicate that large-scale experiments on biological control of the maize weevil with A. calandrae are now needed.},
	keywords = {Sitophilus zeamais},
	isbn = {1513-1874},
	author = {Chaisaeng, Parichat and Chongrattanameteekul, Wiboon and Visarathanonth, Porntip and Vajarasathiara, Boongeua}
}
@article {9103,
	title = {Effect of selected plant extract on mortality of adult Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a pest of stored rice grains},
	journal = {Malaysian Applied Biology},
	volume = {37},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	month = {December},
	pages = {41-46},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A preliminary study was conducted to test 16 crude extracts of selected plants on the mortality of ruphilus zeamais adult. The bioassay was carried out by mixing crude extracts with rice grain at 0.5 and 0.25\% concentrations by weight. It was found that crude extracts of Jatropha curcas (seed) and Annona muricata (seed) caused 1000A mortality on weevil at 0.5\% concentrations while at 0.25\% they caused 96.7 and 98.3\% mortality respectively. Crude extract of J. curcas (leaf) and Azadirachta indica (seed) at 0.5\% caused 81.7 and 51.7\% mortality respectively, while at 0.25\% the mortality was 55\% and 25\%, respectively. Crude extracts of J. curcas seed and leaves, A. muricata (seed) and A. indica (seed) seem to have potential as botanical insecticides but further studies need to be conducted against S. zeamais.},
	keywords = {Sitophilus zeamais},
	isbn = {0126-8643},
	author = {Asmanizar and Djamin, A. and Idris, A. B.}
}
@article {9047,
	title = {Enhanced activity of carbohydrate- and lipid-metabolizing enzymes in insecticide-resistant populations of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {98},
	number = {4},
	year = {2008},
	month = {August},
	pages = {417-424},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Insecticide resistance is frequently associated with fitness disadvantages in the absence of insecticides. However, intense past selection with insecticides may allow the evolution of fitness modifier alleles that mitigate the cost of insecticide resistance and their consequent fitness disadvantages. Populations of Sitophilus zeamais with different levels of susceptibility to insecticides show differences in the accumulation and mobilization of energy reserves. These differences may allow S. zeamais to better withstand toxic compounds without reducing the beetles{\textquoteright} reproductive fitness. Enzymatic assays with carbohydrate- and lipid-metabolizing enzymes were, therefore, carried out to test this hypothesis. Activity levels of trehalase, glycogen phosphorylase, lipase, glycosidase and amylase were determined in two insecticide-resistant populations showing (resistant cost) or not showing (resistant no-cost) associated fitness cost, and in an insecticide-susceptible population. Respirometry bioassays were also carried out with these weevil populations. The resistant no-cost population showed significantly higher body mass and respiration rate than the other two populations, which were similar. No significant differences in glycogen phosphorylase and glycosidase were observed among the populations. Among the enzymes studied, trehalase and lipase showed higher activity in the resistant cost population. The results obtained in the assays with amylase also indicate significant differences in activity among the populations, but with higher activity in the resistant no-cost population. The inverse activity trends of lipases and amylases in both resistant populations, one showing fitness disadvantage without insecticide exposure and the other not showing it, may underlay the mitigation of insecticide resistance physiological costs observed in the resistant no-cost population. The higher amylase activity observed in the resistant no-cost population may favor energy storage, preventing potential trade-offs between insecticide resistance mechanisms and basic physiological processes in this Population, unlike what seems to take place in the resistant cost population.},
	keywords = {Sitophilus zeamais},
	isbn = {0007-4853},
	author = {Araujo, R. A. and Guedes, R. N. C. and Oliveira, M. G. A. and Ferreira, G. H.}
}
@article {9048,
	title = {Enhanced proteolytic and cellulolytic activity in insecticide-resistant strains of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais},
	journal = {Journal of Stored Products Research},
	volume = {44},
	number = {4},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008},
	pages = {354-359},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Insecticide resistance is frequently associated with fitness costs in the absence of insecticides, but extended and intense past selection with these compounds may favor the evolution of fitness modifier genes that mitigate such costs. Insecticide resistance without fitness cost was associated with greater accumulation of total proteins and carbohydrates in a strain of the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)). Increased energy reserves may be due to an accumulation of carbohydrates and proteins because of increased digestive efficiency. To test this hypothesis, proteases and enzymes (cellulase and the pectinases polygalacturonase and pectin lyase), which enable insects to access the nutrients, were used to compare digestive efficiency in insecticide-susceptible and -resistant strains of the maize weevil. A canonical variate analysis indicated significant differences among the strains in enzyme activities, and kinetic parameters were calculated. Serine- and cysteine-proteinases as well as cellulase activities were smaller in susceptible than resistant strains. In addition, the esterolytic activity of serine-proteinases was most increased in the insecticide-resistant strain exhibiting a fitness disadvantage associated with insecticide resistance. Overall, enzymes in the insecticide-resistant strains had increased serine- and cysteine-proteolytic and cellulolytic activity, and kinetic parameters suggested that cysteine-proteinase and cellulase activities were more important in mitigating the cost of insecticide resistance in maize weevil strains.},
	keywords = {Sitophilus zeamais},
	isbn = {0022-474X},
	author = {Araujo, R. A. and Guedes, R. N. C. and Oliveira, M. G. A. and Ferreira, G. H.}
}
@article {9025,
	title = {Molecular identification of Sitophilus spp. (Coleoptera Curculionidae) and detection of immature stages in wheat},
	journal = {Redia},
	volume = {91},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008},
	pages = {55-58},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay is proposed to differentiate Sitophilus granarius (L.), S. oryzae (L.), and S. zeamais Motschulsky at different life stages and to detect their hidden infestation in wheat kernels. PCR amplification of genomic DNA using primers designed on the basis of the cytochrome oxidase subunit II gene sequence, followed by agarose gel electrophoresis, Successfully detected the immature stages (egg, larva, pupa) and adult of each species. DNA amplification resulted in a PCR product of 462 bp for S. granarius, whereas S. oryzae and S. zeamais yielded a 311 bp fragment. A sequence comparison between the latter species allowed to identify a mutation that was diagnostic between S. oryzae and S. zeamais through a PCR-RFLP protocol. Digestion of DNA resulted in an uncut fragment (3 11 bp) for S. oryzae, two fragments (174 bp + 137 bp) for S. zeamais and 3 bands (250 bp + 160 bp + 52 bp) for S. granarius. Multiplex PCR reaction enabled to differentiate the three species at all life stages also when simultaneously added to and ground with a 50 g sample of wheat kernels. The reproducibility of the results and high resolution as well as the technical simplicity of the developed molecular method demonstrated its usefulness in the diagnosis of Sitophilus spp. and detection of their hidden infestation in wheat.},
	keywords = {Sitophilus granarius, Sitophilus oryzae, Sitophilus zeamais},
	isbn = {0370-4327},
	author = {Angiolillo, Antonella and Boursier, Luca and Pilla, Fabio and Germinara, Giacinto S. and Rotundo, Giuseppe}
}
@article {8931,
	title = {Effect of four mid-altitude maize varieties on oviposition, development and sex ratio of Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)},
	journal = {African Entomology},
	volume = {18},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	month = {September},
	pages = {253-258},
	abstract = {Insects are the principal pests of maize in storage. The maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky), is of prime concern to farmers in the western highlands of Cameroon. Chemical insecticides for its control are costly and not readily available in Cameroon, hence the need for other non-chemical alternatives. Laboratory studies were carried out on the developmental biology of S. zeamais on four commonly cultivated mid-altitude maize varieties : KASAI, ATP, COCA-SR and ACR98TZEMSR-W. These varieties significantly influenced S. zeamais oviposition, development and emerged F1 progeny and grain weight loss. Duration of weevil development was significantly longer on COCA-SR and ATP than on the two other maize varieties. A significantly lower number of F1 progeny emerged from COCA-SR and ATP. Mean grain weight loss was lowest in COCA-SR and was correlated with duration of development. The reproductive potential of S. zeamais was significantly different on the four maize varieties, COCA-SR being the least favourable host.},
	keywords = {Sitophilus zeamais},
	isbn = {1021-3589},
	author = {Akob, C. A. and Ewete, F. K.}
}
@article {8910,
	title = {Suitability of Tamarind and Some Selected Crop Seeds for the Survival and Development of Sitophilus Linearis (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Cucurlionidae)},
	journal = {International Journal of Biology},
	volume = {3},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	month = {July},
	pages = {83-89},
	abstract = {Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Sitophilus zeamais (Mots.) and Sitophilus granarius (L.) are major pests of stored grain, especially on cereals. Sitophilus linearis (Herbst) a congeneric of the afore-listed species was obtained from seeds of a wild plant, Tamarindus indica L. The development of S. linearis on some selected crop seeds as well as tamarind seeds was investigated in the laboratory at 25.3-30.3 [degree]C and 75.0\% [plus or minus] 5.0 RH. One hundred grammes each of heat sterilized maize, rice, sorghum, millet, cowpea and tamarind seeds were infested with 100 unsexed adults of S. linearis and observed to determine the suitability of the different substrates for the development of the weevil. Sitophilus linearis bred and multiplied on the tamarind seeds but not on the selected crop seeds in the laboratory. Mean developmental period on the tamarind seeds was 32 days. The highest number (51) of adults that emerged on the first day of emergence was from cultures set up with one-week old adult insects. The highest mean weight (3.9mg) was also recorded on the cultures set up with one-week old insects. However, both mean number of emerged adults and mean adult weight were not significantly different (P>0.05). A significant difference was recorded in the mean percentage survival period of S. linearis on the different substrates (P<0.05) with the longest survival recorded on tamarind seeds. It can therefore be concluded that Sitophilus linearis, though a member of the family of grain weevils, could not reproduce on the cereal substrates or the cowpea seeds presented to it in the laboratory. If further studies confirm these findings, then Sitophilus linearis may pose no threat to cereal production due to its inability to survive and reproduce on them.},
	keywords = {Sitophilus granarius, Sitophilus oryzae, Sitophilus zeamais},
	isbn = {1916-9671},
	author = {Adebayo, R. A. and Ayertey, J. N. and Cobblah, M. A.}
}
@article {8903,
	title = {Biological control of Sitophilus zeamais (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in bagged maize with Lariophagus distinguendus (Foerster) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in rice with Habrobracon hebetor (S},
	journal = {Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fuer Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Mai},
	pages = {295-300},
	type = {Article},
	keywords = {Sitophilus zeamais},
	isbn = {0344-9084},
	author = {Adarkwah, Charles and Buettner, Carmen and Prozell, Sabine and Reichmuth, Christoph and Obeng-Ofori, Daniel and Schoeller, Matthias}
}
@article {5504,
	title = {Importance of husk covering on field infestation of maize by Sitophilus zeamais Motsch (Coleoptera: Curculionidea) at Bako, Western Ethiopia},
	journal = {African Journal of Biotechnology},
	volume = {7},
	number = {20},
	year = {2008},
	month = {20 October},
	pages = {3777-3782},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {An experiment was conducted to determine the importance of husk covering on field infestation of maize by the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais, at Bako, western Ethiopia. Five maize genotypes, G1 (SZSYNA99- F2 -33-4-2 X SC22), G2 (CML-197 X SZSYNA99- F2 -33-4-1), G3 (SZSYNA99-F2 -79-4-3 X CML-197), G4 (BH-140) and G5 (Bukuri) were used. There were differences among the maize genotypes in their resistance to the maize weevil. The genotypes, G2, G3 and G5 had good husk characteristics (extended tip and tight husk) and flint grains resulted in low number of weevils and damaged ears. On the contrary, the genotype G1, with dent-flint-grain, poor husk characteristics (bare tipped and loose husk cover), harbored the highest number of weevils and suffered ear damage followed by the genotype, G4. Therefore, husk tip extension and husk tightness were the two most important characters conferring resistance to maize ears against the maize weevil in the field.},
	keywords = {Sitophilus zeamais},
	url = {http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB/Archive.htm},
	author = {Demissie, Girma and Tefera, Tadele and Tadesse, Abraham}
}
@article {5505,
	title = {Essential oil of Ocimum grattissimum (Labiatae) as Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) protectant},
	journal = {African Journal of Biotechnology},
	volume = {7},
	number = {20},
	year = {2008},
	month = {20 October},
	pages = {3771-3776},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Ocimum grattissimum L. (Labiatae) leaves are widely eaten as a vegetable in Nigeria, and in the eastern parts, are traditionally used in post-harvest protection and relieving stomach aches. The effect of the essential oil of O. grattissimum leaves on Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was assessed for repellency, mortality, progeny emergence and maize damage in the laboratory. The oil was found to be moderately repellent to the maize weevil and induced high mortality in the weevils. In addition, grains treated with the essential oil showed significant reduction in the number of progeny derived from surviving S. zeamais. There was no observable feeding damage on grains treated with the highest dosage of the essential oil extract. Gas chromatography-linked mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC co-injections with authentic samples showed the presence of the following major constituents: thymol (32.7\%), paracymene (25.4\%), ?-terpinene (10.8\%), ss-selinene (4.5\%), phellandrene (3.9\%) and ss-myrcene (3.1\%). The results provide a scientific rationale for the use of the plant in post-harvest protection.},
	keywords = {Sitophilus zeamais},
	url = {http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB/Archive.htm},
	author = {Asawalam, E. F. and Emosairue, S. O. and Hassanali, A.}
}
@article {5470,
	title = {Identification of the weevil immune genes and their expression in the bacteriome tissue},
	journal = {BMC Biology},
	volume = {6},
	number = {43},
	year = {2008},
	month = {16 October},
	pages = {1-13},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Background: Persistent infections with mutualistic intracellular bacteria (endosymbionts) are well represented in insects and are considered to be a driving force in evolution. However, while pathogenic relationships have been well studied over the last decades very little is known about the recognition of the endosymbionts by the host immune system and the mechanism that limits their infection to the bacteria-bearing host tissue (the bacteriome). Results: To study bacteriome immune specificity, we first identified immune-relevant genes of the weevil Sitophilus zeamais by using suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) and then analyzed their full-length coding sequences obtained by RACE-PCR experiments. We then measured immune gene expression in the bacteriome, and in the aposymbiotic larvae following S. zeamais primary endosymbiont (SZPE) injection into the hemolymph, in order to consider the questions of bacteriome immune specificity and the insect humoral response to symbionts. We show that larval challenge with the endosymbiont results in a significant induction of antibacterial peptide genes, providing evidence that, outside the bacteriome, SZPE are recognized as microbial intruders by the host. In the bacteriome, gene expression analysis shows the overexpression of one antibacterial peptide from the coleoptericin family and, intriguingly, homologs to genes described as immune modulators (that is, PGRP-LB, Tollip) were also shown to be highly expressed in the bacteriome. Conclusion: The current data provide the first description of immune gene expression in the insect bacteriome. Compared with the insect humoral response to SZPE, the bacteriome expresses few genes among those investigated in this work. This local immune gene expression may help to maintain the endosymbiont in the bacteriome and prevent its invasion into insect tissues. Further investigations of the coleoptericin, the PGRP and the Tollip genes should elucidate the role of the host immune system in the maintenance and regulation of endosymbiosis.},
	keywords = {Sitophilus zeamais},
	isbn = {1741-7007},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbiol/},
	author = {Anselme, Caroline and Perez-Brocal, Vicente and Vallier, Agnes and Vincent-Monegat, Carole and Charif, Delphine and Latorre, Amparo and Moya, Andres and Heddi, Abdelaziz}
}
