@article {15222,
	title = {Review of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) type specimens from V. Motschulsky collection preserved in the Zoological Museum of Moscow State University},
	journal = {Byulleten{\textquoteright} Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody Otdel Biologicheskii},
	volume = {115},
	number = {5},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {13-21},
	abstract = {Scolytidae type collection of Victor Motschulsky, including types for 19 species, is revised. Types for all Scolytidae species described by Victor Motschulsky with the only exception of the type for Tomicus subelongatus Motschulsky, 1860 were found in the collection. Lectotypes for 19 Scolytidae species are designated. We have confirmed opinion that Phloiotribus subquadratus Motschulsky, 1866 should be excluded from Scolytidae and transferred into Anobiidae nearby genus Xyletinus. One new important synonymy for a widespread tropical ambrosia beetle is established: Xyleborus denticulus (Motschulsky, 1863) = Xyleborus similis Ferrari, 1867, syn.n.},
	keywords = {Phloiotribus subquadratus, Scolytinae, Tomicus subelongatus, Xyleborus denticulus, Xyleborus similis},
	isbn = {0027-1403},
	author = {Mandelshtam, M. Yu and Nikitsky, N. B.}
}
@article {14451,
	title = {Review of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) type specimens from V. Motschulsky collection preserved in the Zoological Museum of Moscow State University},
	journal = {Byulleten{\textquoteright} Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody Otdel Biologicheskii},
	volume = {115},
	number = {5},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {13-21},
	abstract = {Scolytidae type collection of Victor Motschulsky, including types for 19 species, is revised. Types for all Scolytidae species described by Victor Motschulsky with the only exception of the type for Tomicus subelongatus Motschulsky, 1860 were found in the collection. Lectotypes for 19 Scolytidae species are designated. We have confirmed opinion that Phloiotribus subquadratus Motschulsky, 1866 should be excluded from Scolytidae and transferred into Anobiidae nearby genus Xyletinus. One new important synonymy for a widespread tropical ambrosia beetle is established: Xyleborus denticulus (Motschulsky, 1863) = Xyleborus similis Ferrari, 1867, syn.n.},
	keywords = {Phloiotribus subquadratus, Scolytinae, Tomicus subelongatus, Xyleborus denticulus, Xyleborus similis},
	isbn = {0027-1403},
	author = {Mandelshtam, M. Yu and Nikitsky, N. B.}
}
@article {13935,
	title = {Drought-induced positive feedback in xylophagous insects: Easier invasion of Scots pine leading to greater investment in immunity of emerging individuals},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {270},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Apr 15},
	pages = {147-152},
	abstract = {We studied the infestation rate of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris by xylophagous insects in relation to distance from forest lakes in eastern Latvia, northern Europe. In summers of 2008 and 2009, we felled 72 pines of approximately 65 years age. Sections of the logs were incubated in insect emergence traps. The trees located near lakes were significantly less infested by xylophagous insects than those sampled at greater distances from the lakes. We also tested the ability of Tomicus piniperda, the most abundant species of xylophagous insects in our samples, to resist the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. The results show that beetles captured near lakes were more susceptible to the fungal infection than individuals sampled away from forest lakes, indicating that the beetles far from lakes afforded to invest more in immunity during the larval phase. During the warmest days in summer the mean maximum ambient temperature was 2.32 [degree]C lower near lakes than away from lakes. Since increased temperatures not only trigger drought stress, but may potentially also cause temperature-sensitive mortality of conifers, a warmer microclimate may lower resistance of pine trees to attacks of xylophagous beetles. In weakened trees, insects can invade more easily resulting in increased investment in immunity in bark- and wood-boring insects. This is the first demonstration of drought-induced positive feedback in xylophagous insects infesting Scots pine. Since bark beetles are common pests of conifers, our results may be important in forest pest management. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Tomicus piniperda},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Krams, Indrikis and Daukste, Janina and Kivleniece, Inese and Brumelis, Guntis and Cibulskis, Raimonds and Abolins-Abols, Mikus and Rantala, Markus J. and Mierauskas, Pranas and Krama, Tatjana}
}
@article {13342,
	title = {The first record of Tomicus destruens (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) in Ukraine},
	journal = {Vestnik Zoologii},
	volume = {42},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Yanvar-Fevral},
	pages = {84},
	type = {Article},
	keywords = {Tomicus, Tomicus destruens, Tomicus piniperda},
	isbn = {0084-5604},
	author = {Khaustov, A. A. and Nikulina, T. V.}
}
@article {13068,
	title = {Fungi associated with Tomicus minor on Pinus sylvestris in Poland and their succession into the sapwood of beetle-infested windblown trees},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	volume = {38},
	number = {10},
	year = {2008},
	month = {October},
	pages = {2579-2588},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The study identified and measured frequency of fungal species associated with Tomicus minor (Hart.) on Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) in Poland. Additionally, fungal succession in P. sylvestris sapwood was investigated during a 12aweek period following an attack by this insect. Fungi were isolated from five populations of overwintered adult beetles and their galleries with 59 species of fungi being represented among the 2880 cultures obtained. The most frequent species, Ophiostoma canum (Munch) Syd. \& P. Syd., Hormonema dematioides Lagerb. \& Melin, and Ambrosiella tingens (Lagerb. \& Melin) L.R. Batra, appeared to be specifically associated with T. minor. The succesional changes in species composition during a 12aweek period following an attack by T. minor were observed. The pattern of fungal succession in P. sylvestris sapwood essentially agreed with a general scheme of fungal succession in tree sapwood infested by bark beetles. Ambrosiella tingens was the first invader of sapwood and occurred most frequently in its deeper layers. Ophiostoma canum, H. dematioides, and other molds were also often isolated from the sapwood; however, they were most common at a depth of 5amm during the initial phase of fungal colonization. Later, Ophiostoma canum followed A. tingens in the sapwood invasion.},
	keywords = {Tomicus minor},
	isbn = {0045-5067},
	author = {Jankowiak, Robert}
}
@article {13069,
	title = {Fungal flora associated with Tomicus piniperda L. in an area close to a timber yard in southern Poland},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Entomology},
	volume = {131},
	number = {8},
	year = {2007},
	month = {September},
	pages = {579-584},
	abstract = {The association between Tomicus piniperda L. (Col., Scolytinae) and fungi was studied in a Pinus sylvestris L. forest in Mielec-Mosciska. Fungi were isolated from overwintered adult beetles taken from two stands situated in different distance from timber yard. Two media were used for isolation. The results showed great diversity of fungi associated with T. piniperda: 1895 cultures, representing 64 species, were isolated. Penicillia and Hormonema dematioides were the dominant species, found in 20.2\% and 17.8\% of all beetles, respectively. A frequently isolated ophiostomatoid fungi was Ophiostoma minus. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the mycobiota composition of this insect between two stands were detected. The highest richness and diversity of fungal species appeared in the samples taken from the location where the trees were heavily damaged by shoot-feeding of T. piniperda. Differences were most clear for the pathogenic O. minus, which was a common fungal associate of the insects in this stand.},
	keywords = {Tomicus piniperda},
	isbn = {0931-2048},
	author = {Jankowiak, R. and Bilanski, P.}
}
@article {13065,
	title = {The virulence of phytopathogenic fungi associated with the bark beetles Tomicus piniperda and Orthotomicus erosus in Tunisia},
	journal = {Forest Pathology},
	volume = {37},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	month = {February},
	pages = {51-63},
	abstract = {Phytopathogenic fungi associated with the bark beetles Tomicus piniperda and Orthotomicus erosus were isolated in various pine forests of Tunisia. Tomicus piniperda and its galleries yielded Leptographium wingfieldii, Ophiostoma minus, and Ophiostoma ips. Ophiostoma minus was the most frequent species associated with T. piniperda, in both the attacking and the emerging beetles. It was collected from most investigated forests, whereas O. ips and L. wingfieldii were obtained only from forests located in Central and Northern Tunisia. Frequencies of association with T. piniperda were always low, reaching 11.1\% only once, for O. ips. Ophiostoma ips was the only blue stain fungus associated with O. erosus and its galleries. It was found in all the localities, but at a low and variable frequency, exceeding 15\% very rarely. The virulence of 16 fungal isolates was tested by single inoculations into Pinus halepensis (Aleppo pine) at two localities. Differences were detected among species; L. wingfieldii was the most virulent and O. minus the least virulent species in terms of phloem reaction zone formation and fungal growth in the phloem. In a separate experiment, mass inoculations (400 and 800 inoculations per m2 of bole on 1-m high belts) were performed with two isolates of L. wingfieldii on Aleppo pine and on Pinus brutia (Brutia pine). Three months later, measurements of sapwood status (\% of conductive transversal section) and of its specific hydraulic conductivity, as well as of the phloem reaction zone lengths, did not show any isolate or density effect. At these experimental sites, Brutia pines appeared significantly more susceptible than Aleppo pines.},
	keywords = {Orthotomicus erosus, Tomicus piniperda},
	isbn = {1437-4781},
	author = {Jamaa, M. L. Ben and Lieutier, F. and Yart, A. and Jerraya, A. and Khouja, M. L.}
}
@article {12542,
	title = {Complex postglacial history of the temperate bark beetle Tomicus piniperda L. (Coleoptera, Scolytinae)},
	journal = {Heredity},
	volume = {103},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	month = {September},
	pages = {238-247},
	abstract = {Tomicus piniperda is an economically important pine bark beetle infesting European Pinus spp. stands. We sequenced and analyzed 797 bp of the mitochondrial genome from individuals obtained from 34 populations sampled throughout the European range. We obtained 36 haplotypes, from which a haplotype network was constructed. In the Iberian Peninsula, high-genetic variability was detected with numerous endemic haplotypes. In contrast, the other European populations were less diverse with a single haplotype predominating from the Pyrenees to Scandinavia. Nevertheless, even within Europe, a few populations showed significant amounts of diversity. Four groups were obtained by Spatial Analysis of Molecular Variance, illustrating the regional characteristics of the species. T. piniperda had multiple fragmented refugia in the Iberian Peninsula. These currently isolated populations only partly contributed to postglacial re-colonizations of Northern Europe during interglacials. Nevertheless, few long- range migration events up to Northern Europe were detected, mostly originating from the Pyrenees. In the rest of Europe, the phylogeographical patterns were unclear, because of repeated cycles of contraction and expansion. The genetic analysis showed one glacial refugium in North-Central Europe, whereas other refugia most likely occurred in the Southern Alps, Apennine and the Balkans. The phylogeographical pattern depicted here reflects partly the postglacial history of the beetles{\textquoteright} main host tree P. sylvestris. Heredity (2009) 103, 238-247; doi: 10.1038/hdy.2009.48; published online 29 April 2009.},
	keywords = {Tomicus piniperda},
	isbn = {0018-067X},
	author = {Horn, A. and Stauffer, C. and Lieutier, F. and Kerdelhue, C.}
}
@article {11098,
	title = {Shoot feeding by Tomicus (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) on Pinus yunnaensis trees},
	journal = {Journal of Northeast Forestry University},
	volume = {40},
	number = {6},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Jun 25},
	pages = {81-84},
	abstract = {Tomicus minor and Tomicus yunnanensis are two important pine shoot beetles on Yunnan pine (Pinus yunnanensis Franchet) in Yunnan Province. Shoot feeding and trunk attack are two factors of tree death. The current studies were conducted under field conditions that the beetles were allowed to attack the shoots. Factors influencing shoot feeding by T. minor and T. yunnanensis were discussed. Result shows that there is a remarkable relationship between gallery length and shoot length, and this correlation is also noticeable between gallery length and shoot diameter. Positions of invading holes on the shoots (lower, middle, or upper) attacked by Tomicus determine the gallery length to a great extent, and there is a significant relationship between them. The main influence factors on shoot feeding by T. minor are positions of invading holes, while those on shoot feeding by T. yunnanensis are shoot length, shoot diameter and positions of invading holes.},
	keywords = {Tomicus minor, Tomicus yunnanensis},
	isbn = {1000-5382},
	author = {Gao, Yanfei and Zhang, Ying and Zhang, Zhen and Wu, Wei}
}
@article {11086,
	title = {Species Composition, Seasonal Activity, and Semiochemical Response of Native and Exotic Bark and Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Northeastern Ohio},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology},
	volume = {103},
	number = {4},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {1187-1195},
	abstract = {In 2007, we surveyed the alien and endemic scolytine (bark and ambrosia beetles) fauna of northeastern Ohio, and for the most abundant species, we characterized their seasonal activity and response to three semiochemical baits. In total,5,339 scolytine beetles represented by 47 species and 29 genera were caught in Lindgren funnel traps. Three species constituted 57\% of the total catch, including Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford), Tomicus piniperda (L.), and Dryocoetes autographus (Ratzeburg). Of the total captured, 32\% of the species and [approximately equal]60\% of the individuals were exotic, suggesting that exotic species numerically dominate the scolytine fauna in some urban areas. More native and exotic species were caught in traps baited with ethanol alone than in traps baited with other lures. However, significantly more individuals, especially of T. piniperda, D. autographus, Gnathotrichus materiarius (Fitch), and Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff), and species were caught in traps baited with ethanol plus a-pinene than in traps baited with ethanol alone or the exotic Ips lure. This suggests that among these baits, the ethanol plus a-pinene baits may be useful in maximizing scolytine beetle catches of these species within this region. Species diversity and richness for both native and exotic beetles was greatest in traps baited with ethanol alone. The period of peak trap capture varied depending upon species: X. germanus was most abundant in traps in mid-May and early-August; T. pin iperda in mid-May; D. autographus in early June, mid-July, and mid-September; Anisandrus sayi Hopkins and C. materiarius in mid-May, mid-July, and early September; and I. grandicollis in early April, mid-July, and late September.},
	keywords = {Dryocoetes autographus, Tomicus piniperda, Xylosandrus germanus},
	isbn = {0022-0493},
	author = {Gandhi, Kamal J. K. and Cognato, Anthony I. and Lightle, Danielle M. and Mosley, Bryson J. and Nielsen, David G. and Herms, Daniel A.}
}
@article {11081,
	title = {Kairomonal responses of Tomicus destruens (Col., Scolytidae) to host volatiles alpha -pinene and ethanol},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Entomology},
	volume = {132},
	number = {8},
	year = {2008},
	month = {September},
	pages = {654-662},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The Mediterranean pine shoot beetle Tomicus destruens is one of the most damaging bark beetles attacking Mediterranean pine forests in southern Europe and north Africa. We studied the attractiveness of the host volatiles [alpha]-pinene and ethanol at a range of release rates, alone or in combination, to T. destruens, in order to develop an attractive lure for the management of this beetle. T. destruens was attracted slightly to the host volatile [alpha]-pinene, but a strong synergistic effect was found in the attraction towards monoterpene when ethanol was added to the bait. The highest catches of T. destruens were obtained by the optimal blend releasing 300 mg/day of [alpha]-pinene and 900 mg/day of ethanol. In contrast to data reported for the related species T. piniperda, Mediterranean pine shoot beetles were clearly attracted to baits releasing ethanol alone (1350 mg/day). trans-Verbenol, which was also added to host volatiles in some tests, did not affect the response. The use of the attractive blend proposed would have a low impact on the natural enemy population of Thanasimus formicarius because of asynchronies in flight periods. Other non-target insects, such as the facultative predator or competitor Oxipleurus nodieri, were also significantly attracted. These results allow the development of an operative lure for the effective monitoring of T. destruens, although improvements by the addition of other host volatiles should be studied.},
	keywords = {Tomicus destruens},
	isbn = {0931-2048},
	author = {Gallego, D. and Galian, J. and Diez, J. J. and Pajares, J. A.}
}
@article {11080,
	title = {Hierarchical structure of mitochondrial lineages of Tomicus destruens (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) related to environmental variables},
	journal = {Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research},
	volume = {46},
	number = {4},
	year = {2008},
	month = {November},
	pages = {331-339},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We investigated here the relation of environmental variables with the distribution of mitochondrial lineages using a bark beetle species of Mediterranean distribution as a model. We analysed a total number of 460 DNA sequences of Tomicus destruens provided by intensive and extensive collection and GenBank entries. We combined phylogeography and regression models to study the role of five environmental predictors at fine scale in the distribution of a local genealogy. The analysis revealed a high genetic diversity, with 52 haplotypes present in Sierra Espuna forest (SE Spain) and 21 haplotypes in the other 14 Spanish populations, all included in the western clade of the Mediterranean phylogeography of the species. We found a micro-distribution of the species related to altitude and putative niche segregation between lineages associated with the micro-environmental conditions of their host pine trees. We compared the phylogeographic hypothesis obtained here with the phylogeography obtained integrating our data with all data published elsewhere. Here, we demonstrate a relation between the environmental heterogeneity and the haplotypic diversity at Mediterranean Basin scale. This analysis allows us to support the evolutionary scenario where the phylogeography and current molecular diversity of T. destruens is a consequence of the recolonization from two principal refugia at both extremes of the Mediterranean Basin and, according to our data, we propose that the heterogeneity of habitats allows fixation of the mitochondrial lineages.},
	keywords = {Tomicus destruens},
	isbn = {0947-5745},
	author = {Gallego, D. and Galian, J.}
}
@article {10908,
	title = {Responses of the Mediterranean pine shoot beetle Tomicus destruens (Wollaston) to pine shoot and bark volatiles},
	journal = {Journal of Chemical Ecology},
	volume = {34},
	number = {9},
	year = {2008},
	month = {September},
	pages = {1162-1169},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The pine shoot beetle Tomicus destruens has two dispersal phases per generation. In the first, mature adults move toward trunks of dying pines to lay eggs; in the second, callow adults move toward the shoots of healthy pines for maturation feeding. However, there is no information on the chemical stimuli that govern host selection by T. destruens adults. The aims of this study were: (1) to identify the volatiles released by shoots and bark of stone pine that are behaviorally and electrophysiologically active on T. destruens; (2) to verify which blends and concentrations of such volatiles are differently active on males and females, as well as on callow and mature adults, during the two host search phases (breeding and feeding). A four-arm olfactometer was used to test the behavior of walking T. destruens adults toward various sources of volatiles including fresh shoots and bark, their collected volatiles, and two synthetic blends. For each odor, the behavior of both callow and mature males and females was recorded individually. Shoot and bark extracts were analyzed by coupled gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and tested by gas chromatography coupled with electroantennography (GC-EAD) on T. destruens males and females. Two blends of two ([alpha]-pinene and [beta]-myrcene; blend A) and three ([alpha]-pinene, [beta]- myrcene, and [alpha]-terpinolene; blend B) synthetic compounds, chosen among those that induce EAD responses and known to be attractive for other bark beetle species, were tested in the olfactometer at five concentrations. Insect behavior was affected by the degree of sexual maturation but not by sex. Callow insects were attracted by shoots and their extracts, while mature individuals by bark and its extracts. Six extracted compounds were active on T. destruens antennae: limonene, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and [beta]-caryophyllene, [alpha]-pinene, [beta]-myrcene, and [alpha]-terpinolene. [alpha]-Terpinolene, released only by bark, was active only on mature insects, whereas (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, released only by shoots, was active only on callows. Males and females showed similar EAD responses. Of the six extracted volatiles, two were attractive for callow adults (blend A) and three for matures (blend B). In both cases, responses were positively correlated with blend concentration, although a repellent effect was noted at the highest concentrations.},
	keywords = {Tomicus destruens},
	isbn = {0098-0331},
	author = {Faccoli, Massimo and Anfora, Gianfranco and Tasin, Marco}
}
@article {10906,
	title = {Breeding performance of Tomicus destruens at different densities: the effect of intraspecific competition},
	journal = {Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata},
	volume = {132},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	month = {August},
	pages = {191-199},
	abstract = {In many bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), intraspecific competition is a limiting factor governing their population dynamics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing infestation densities on the breeding performance of Tomicus destruens (Wollaston), one of the main pests of Mediterranean pine forests. Six densities (ranging from 0.25 to 1.50 females dm-2) were tested under laboratory conditions on stone pine logs, assessing the mortality of eggs, larvae, and pupae, and recording the number of emerging adults. Density significantly affected the fertile tract of the maternal galleries, i.e., those containing eggs, which was shorter at densities higher than 0.75. Numbers of eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults per female decreased markedly when density increased from 0.25 to 1.5, although differences were statistically significant only at a density of 0.75 and higher. The lowest mortality was found in larvae reared at a density of 0.25 (17.7\%) and the highest in pupae at 1.5 (84.8\%). Increasing density affected the pre-emergence stages in different ways, with pupae and larvae suffering the highest increases in mortality (39.5 and 163.6\%, respectively). The breeding performance of T. destruens (number of eggs laid reaching adulthood) progressively decreased from 17 to 4\% with increasing densities, although at low infestation, the mean number of emerging adults per dm2 of bark increased with density, showing a positive trade-off between female fecundity and female density. In conclusion, breeding densities higher than 0.75 female dm-2 decreased female fecundity and elicited high mortality, mainly in larvae.},
	keywords = {Tomicus destruens},
	isbn = {0013-8703},
	author = {Faccoli, M.}
}
@article {10905,
	title = {Breeding performance and longevity of Tomicus destruens on Mediterranean and continental pine species},
	journal = {Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata},
	volume = {123},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	month = {June},
	pages = {263-269},
	abstract = {The pine shoot beetle Tomicus destruens (Wollaston) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is one of the main pests of Mediterranean forests, where it is oligophagous on Mediterranean pines. However, possible global warming may make the insect move to higher latitudes and altitudes, allowing it to attack new pine species. In this respect, the aim of the present article was to assess both the acceptance and performance of T destruens offered host and non-host pine species. A no-choice breeding experiment was set up under laboratory conditions, using logs of three Mediterranean (Pinus pinea L., Pinus pinaster Miller, and Pinus halepensis Aiton) and two continental (Pinus nigra Arnold and Pinus sylvcstris L.) pine species. Log debarking at the end of adult emergence assessed parent fecundity egg, and larval mortality. The quality of callow adults emerging from each tested pine was evaluated on the basis of their longevity on a semiartificial diet. Tomicus destruens colonised all tested pine species, but did not reproduce in Scots pine, taking about 79 days to complete development with no differences among pines tested. The best breeding performance, evaluated as female fecundity and adult production, was observed in R halepensis, and the lowest in P. pinaster. On average, adults emerging from P. pinea survived longer (83 days) than from other pines, and adult longevity was the lowest in males emerging from R nigra. Austrian pine, which under natural conditions is usually not a host of T. destruens, allowed insect development and adult production similar to P. pinea and P. pinaster.},
	keywords = {Tomicus destruens},
	isbn = {0013-8703},
	author = {Faccoli, Massimo}
}
@article {9891,
	title = {Attack strategy of the bark beetle Tomicus destruens (Wollaston 1865) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) on Aleppo pine in semi-arid areas (Algeria, Djelfa)},
	journal = {Annales de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} Entomologique de France},
	volume = {43},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	month = {April-June},
	pages = {129-137},
	abstract = {Females of Tomicus destruens cause serious injury to Aleppo pines when building their egg galleries under the bark. Group attacks on pine trees by the adult beetles result in tree deaths and consequently pine forest decay. A study of the preferred sites for attacks demonstrated variability between individual trees. Females prefer trees at the northern slopes of the hills. T destruens breeds there more actively and gives more abundant progeny. While on the northern slopes of the hills, the female{\textquoteright}s choice the bark exposed to the south to bore their galleries. Additionally, both tree trunk diameter and the thickness of the bark were found to be critical factors for selection. Among other factors influencing Tomicus destruens attacks is the age of individual trees. Counting the number of egg galleries and measuring their lengths revealed a strong negative correlation between the density of infestation and length of the galleries. Intraspecific competition within T destruens was demonstrated also. Reproductive success is controlled by the density of the galleries, which in turn is determined by the bark surface available for breeding.},
	keywords = {Tomicus destruens},
	isbn = {0037-9271},
	author = {Chakali, Gahdab}
}
@article {9893,
	title = {BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR OF THE BARK BEETLE, TOMICUS DESTRUENS (WOLLASTON 1865) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN ALLEPO PINE OF ALGERIA},
	journal = {Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {35-42},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The aim of this work is to elucidate further details of the biology, feeding behaviour and ecology of the bark beetle Tomicus destruens (Wollaston, 1865). In recent years, this species has caused considerable damage to pine plantations in Algeria, especially its main host Aleppo pine, Pinus halepensis growing in arid areas. The results showed that the beetle has one generation per year, from April to the beginning of October; adults disperse and cause primary damage by colonizing new shoots and branches of host trees growing close to the reproduction site. By the end of autumn and during the winter, females cause secondary damage by oviposition into constructed galleries between host pine bark and sapwood.},
	keywords = {Tomicus destruens},
	isbn = {0870-3876},
	author = {Chakali, G.}
}
@article {5216,
	title = {Performance of Tomicus yunnanensis and Tomicus minor (Col., Scolytinae) on Pinus yunnanensis and Pinus armandii in Yunnan, Southwestern China},
	journal = {Psyche (Cambridge)},
	volume = {2012},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012},
	pages = {1-6},
	abstract = {Pine shoot beetles, Tomicus yunnanensis Kirkendall and Faccoli and Tomi cus minor Hartig (Col., Scolytinae), have been causing substantial mortality to Yunnan pine (Pinus yunnanensis Franch) in Yunnan, southwestern China, whereas only a few Armand pine (Pinus armandii Franch) were attacked by the beetles. In order to evaluate the suitability of P. armandii as host material for the two Tomi cus, adults of both Tomi cus were caged on living branches and felled logs of the two pines during shoot feeding and trunk attack phase, respectively. More beetles survived on the living branches of P. yunnanensis than on P. armandii. Tomi cus yunnanensis and T. minor produced similar progeny in the logs of the two pines. The sex ratio and developmental period were not affected by host species, but the brood beetles emerging from Armand pine weighed less than those from Yunnan pine, suggesting that P. armandii are less suitable to be host of T. yunnanensis and T. minor.},
	keywords = {Tomicus minor, Tomicus yunnanensis},
	isbn = {0033-2615; 1687-7438},
	url = {http://www.hindawi.com/journals/psyche/2012/363767/},
	author = {Zhao, Tao and Langstrom, Bo}
}
@article {5218,
	title = {Coexistence and Competition between Tomicus yunnanensis and T. minor (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) in Yunnan Pine},
	journal = {Psyche (Cambridge)},
	volume = {2012},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012},
	pages = {6pp.},
	abstract = {Competition and cooperation between bark beetles, Tomicus yunnanensis Kirkendall and Faccoli and Tomicus minor (Hartig) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) were examined when they coexisted together in living Yunnan pine trees (Pinus yunnanensis Franchet) in Yunnan province in Southwest China. T. yunnanensis bark beetles were observed to initiate dispersal from pine shoots to trunks in November, while the majority of T. minor begins to transfer in December. T. yunnanensis mainly attacks the top and middle parts of the trunk, whereas T. minor mainly resides in the lower and middle parts of the trunk. The patterns of attack densities of these two species were similar, but with T. yunnanensis colonizing the upper section of the trunk and T. minor the lower trunk. The highest attack density of T. Yunnanensis was 297 egg galleries/m2, and the highest attack density of T. minor was 305 egg galleries/m2 . Although there was significant overlap for the same bark areas, the two species generally colonize different areas of the tree, which reduces the intensity of competition for the relatively thin layer of phloem-cambium tissues where the beetles feed and reside.},
	keywords = {Tomicus minor, Tomicus yunnanensis},
	isbn = {0033-2615; 1687-7438},
	url = {http://www.hindawi.com/journals/psyche/2012/185312/},
	author = {Lu, Rong Chun and Wang, Hongbin and Zhang, Zhen and Byers, John A. and Jin, You Ju and Wen, Hai Feng and Shi, Wen Jian}
}
@article {5097,
	title = {Description of the Yunnan shoot borer, Tomicus yunnanensis Kirkendall \& Faccoli sp. n. (Curculionidae, Scolytinae), an unusually aggressive pine shoot beetle from southern China, with a key to the species of Tomicus},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {1819},
	year = {2008},
	month = {9 July},
	pages = {25-39},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We describe a new and highly aggressive species of pine shoot beetle, Tomicus yunnanensis Kirkendall \& Faccoli, which has been decimating Pinus yunnanensis forests in southwest China for almost three decades. This species was confused with T. piniperda until recent molecular studies showed the SW China populations to be quite divergent from T. piniperda of northeast China and Europe. The clearest morphological differences between these two species lie in the surface sculpture of the elytra: the new species has more widely spaced interstrial granules on the elytral disc, the punctures of interstria 2 on the declivity arranged irregularly and those of striae 1 and 3 smaller. The new species also has dense small hairs on the tip of the antennal club, while T. piniperda has only scattered small hairs on that segment. Mature T. piniperda specimens are uniformly black, while those of T. yunnanensis have the bulk of the elytra lighter than the base of the elytra and the pronotum. The new species is actually more similar to the Mediterranean species T. destruens, which differs in geographical distribution and in having the punctures of interstria 2 dense on the declivity and light-colored antennae. Species of Tomicus are of general concern to foresters because of their impact on conifer growth, but good illustrations for many species are lacking. We here provide a detailed key to all seven species of the genus (T. minor, T. piniperda, T. destruens, T. brevipilosus, T. yunnanensis and the virtually unknown T. puellus and T. pilifer) as well as diagnostic photographs and drawings. We summarize the biological differences between the new species and T. piniperda and recommend improved communication between taxonomists and forest entomologists, as avoidable taxonomic confusion such as that of T. yunnanensis and T. destruens with T. piniperda hinders the combatting of outbreaks of forest insects.},
	keywords = {Tomicus, Tomicus yunnanensis},
	isbn = {1175-5326},
	url = {http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa},
	author = {Kirkendall, Lawrence R. and Faccoli, Massimo and Hui, Ye}
}
@article {4970,
	title = {Tomicus armandii Li \& Zhang (Curculionidae, Scolytinae), a new pine shoot borer from China},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {2572},
	year = {2010},
	month = {20 Aug},
	pages = {57-64},
	abstract = {We describe a new species of forest bark beetle, Tomicus armandii Li \& Zhang, collected from Pinus armandii in Yunnan, China. We used the D2 fragment of 28S rDNA to improve the taxonomy of Tomicus. The new species can easily be distinguished from the other Tomicus species using the following two morphological characters: punctures of interstria 2 on declivity appearing evenly biseriate or triseriate; erect interstrial setae on the declivity short, about 0.5x as long as distance between striae. The genetic distances of 28S rDNA measured between T. armandii and other species of Tomicus are similar to the distances between other Tomicus species, and these are much higher than intraspecific distances. The phylogenetic analysis of 28S rDNA agrees with the groupings obtained from morphological identification. DNA analysis has commonly been used in Tomicus taxonomy and is helpful for resolving taxon identification problems.},
	keywords = {Tomicus armandii},
	isbn = {1175-5326; 1175-5334},
	url = {http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/list/2010/2572.html},
	author = {Li, Xia and Zhang, Zhen and Wang, Hongbin and Wu, Wei and Cao, Peng and Zhang, Peiyi}
}
