@article {13151,
	title = {The age and phylogeny of wood boring weevils and the origin of subsociality},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {59},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {708-724},
	abstract = {A large proportion of the hyperdiverse weevils are wood boring and many of these taxa have subsocial family structures. The origin and relationship between certain wood boring weevil taxa has been problematic to solve and hypotheses on their phylogenies change substantially between different studies. We aimed at testing the phylogenetic position and monophyly of the most prominent wood boring taxa Scolytinae, Platypodinae and Cossoninae, including a range of weevil outgroups with either the herbivorous or wood boring habit. Many putatively intergrading taxa were included in a broad phylogenetic analysis for the first time in this study, such as Schedlarius, Mecopelmus, Coptonotus, Dactylipalpus, Coptocorynus and allied Araucariini taxa, Dobionus, Psepholax, Amorphocerus-Porthetes, and some peculiar wood boring Conoderini with bark beetle behaviour. Data analyses were based on 128 morphological characters, rDNA nucleotides from the D2-D3 segment of 28S, and nucleotides and amino acids from the protein encoding gene fragments of CAD, ArgK, EF-1[alpha] and COI. Although the results varied for some of the groups between various data sets and analyses, one may conclude the following from this study: Scolytinae and Platypodinae are likely sister lineages most closely related to Coptonotus; Cossoninae is monophyletic (including Araucariini) and more distantly related to Scolytinae; Amorphocerini is not part of Cossoninae and Psepholax may belong to Cryptorhynchini. Likelihood estimation of ancestral state reconstruction of subsociality indicated five or six origins as a conservative estimate. Overall the phylogenetic results were quite dependent on morphological data and we conclude that more genetic loci must be sampled to improve phylogenetic resolution. However, some results such as the derived position of Scolytinae were consistent between morphological and molecular data. A revised time estimation of the origin of Curculionidae and various subfamily groups were made using the recently updated fossil age of Scolytinae (100 Ma), which had a significant influence on node age estimates. [copyright] 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Amorphocerus, Araucariini, Conoderini, Coptocorynus, Coptonotus, Dactylipalpus, Dobionus, Mecopelmus, Porthetes, Psepholax, Schedlarius},
	isbn = {1055-7903},
	author = {Jordal, Bjarte H. and Sequeira, Andrea S. and Cognato, Anthony I.}
}
@article {13147,
	title = {Phylogeny of a Macaronesian radiation: host-plant use and possible cryptic speciation in Liparthrum bark beetles.},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2004},
	note = {ORIG-Title-Journal-Volume-Combination:  Phylogeny of a Macaronesian radiation: host-plant use and possible cryptic speciation in Liparthrum bark beetles. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31},
	pages = {554-571},
	author = {Jordal, B. H. and Kirkendall, L. R. and Harkestad, K.}
}
@article {13149,
	title = {Extraordinary haplotype diversity in haplodiploid inbreeders: phylogenetics and evolution of the bark beetle genus Coccotrypes.},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2002},
	note = {ORIG-Title-Journal-Volume-Combination:  Extraordinary haplotype diversity in haplodiploid inbreeders: phylogenetics and evolution of the bark beetle genus Coccotrypes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23},
	pages = {171-188},
	author = {Jordal, B. H. and Normark, B. B. and Farrell, B. D. and Kirkendall, L. R.}
}
@article {10743,
	title = {Polyphyly of Xylosandrus Reitter inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial genes (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {54},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	month = {March},
	pages = {773-782},
	abstract = {The Xyleborina ambrosia beetle genus Xylosandrus contains 54 species, several of which are of economic importance. The monophyly of the genus was tested using a data set comprised of multiple gene loci: 28S rDNA; the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase 1[alpha] (CO1); and the nuclear genes arginine kinase (ArgK), rudimentary (CAD), and Elongation Factor 1[alpha] (EF-1[alpha]). The nuclear protem-coding genes CAD and ArgK were used for the first time in phylogenetics of Scolytinae. Analyses were performed using Parsimony and Bayesian optimality criteria. Our analyses included 43 specimens representing 15 Xylosandrus species and 20 species from Amasa, Anisandrus, Cnestuts, Euwallacea and Xyleborus, and two species from the out-group genus Coccotrypes. All analyses recovered a polyphyletic Xylosandrus. Several species of Xylosandrus were consistently placed in clades with the genera Anisandrus and Cnestus with high Support values (100\% bootstrap support). Among these, was the economically important invasive species X. mutilatus, which was consistently recovered as part of the "Criestus" clade. In our analyses, both CAD and ArgK demonstrated phylogenetic utility across varying nodal depths. Despite the selection of genes with signals at complementary phylogenetic depths, the data set used herein did not resolve the phylogeny of Xylosandrus and related genera. Since the taxon sample available for molecular work represents only a fraction of Xylosandrus species, a complete revision that combines molecular and morphological data in a total evidence approach is recommended for the genus. [copyright] 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Amasa, Anisandrus, Cnestus, Euwallaeea, Xylosandrus},
	isbn = {1055-7903},
	author = {Dole, Stephanie A. and Jordal, Bjarte H. and Cognato, Anthony I.}
}
@article {9106,
	title = {Exploring diversity in cryptorhynchine weevils (Coleoptera) using distance-, character- and tree-based species delineation},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {63},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {1-14},
	abstract = {Species boundaries are studied in a group of beetles, the western Palaearctic Cryptorhynchinae. We test for congruence of {\textquoteright}traditionally{\textquoteright} identified morphospecies with species inferred through parsimony networks, distance-based clustering and the ultrametric tree-based generalized mixed yule-coalescent (GMYC) approach. For that purpose, we sequenced two variable fragments of mitochondrial DNA (CO1 and 16S) for a total of 791 specimens in 217 species of Cryptorhynchinae. Parsimony networks, morphology-calibrated distance clusters and the different tree-based species inferences all achieved low congruence with morphospecies, at best 60\%. Although the degree of match with morphospecies was often similar for the different approaches, the composition of clusters partially varied. A barcoding gap was absent in morphospecies-oriented distances as well as for GMYC species clusters. This demonstrates that not only erroneous taxonomic assignments, incomplete lineage sorting, hybridization, or insufficient sampling can compromise distance-based identification, but also differences in speciation rates and uneven tree structure. The initially low match between morphospecies and the different molecular species delineation methods in this case study shows the necessity of combining the output of various methods in an integrative approach. Thereby we obtain an idea about the reliability of the different results and signals, which enables us to fine-tune sampling, delineation technique and data collection, and to identify species that require taxonomic revision. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Cryptorhynchinae},
	isbn = {1055-7903},
	author = {Astrin, Jonas J. and Stueben, Peter E. and Misof, Bernhard and Waegele, J. Wolfgang and Gimnich, France and Raupach, Michael J. and Ahrens, Dirk}
}
@article {2632,
	title = {Phylogeny of Ips DeGeer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I sequence.},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2000},
	note = {ORIG-Title-Journal-Volume-Combination:  Phylogeny of Ips DeGeer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I sequence. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 14},
	pages = {445-460},
	author = {Cognato, A.I. and Sperling, F.A.H.}
}
@article {1786,
	title = {Molecular systematics and evolution in an African cycad-weevil interaction: Amorphocerini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae) weevils on Encephalartos.},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {47},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {102-116},
	chapter = {102},
	author = {Downie, D. A. and Donaldson, J. S. and R. G. Oberprieler}
}
@article {1765,
	title = {molecular systematics and evolution in an African cycad-weevil interaction: Amorphocerini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae) weevils on Encephalartos},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {47},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {102-116},
	chapter = {102},
	abstract = {Weevils in the tribe Amorphocerini have been implicated in pollination of Encephalartos species in southern Africa. The services they render these plants and the unique attributes of the cycad-weevil interaction make them important from both conservation and evolutionary standpoints. Oberprieler (Oberprieler, R.G., 1996. Systematics and evolution of the tribe Amorphocerini, with a review of the cycad weevils of the world. Ph.D. dissertation, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa), using morphological characters, proposed a tentative hypothesis of relationships among the Amorphocerini which is tested here using DNA sequence data. Sequences from one mitochondrial and three nuclear genes were used to infer phylogenetic relationships, levels of sequence divergence, evolution of host associations, and patterns of speciation in this tribe. The results are reasonably consistent with the morphological hypothesis of relationships and species concepts, though important differences are observed, particularly in relationships among a Porthetes hispidus Boheman species group, which is indicated to have experienced recent divergences. In general, low levels of sequence divergence among species within two of the three genera indicate a recent radiation of this tribe onto African cycads, thus while cycad[long dash]insect interactions have often been considered ancient this may not be the case for some extant interactions. A complex pattern of host shifts onto both closely related and more distantly related hosts is suggested.},
	keywords = {Amorphocerini, Amorphocerus, Curculionidae, Molytinae, Porthetes},
	author = {Downie, D. A. and Donladson, J. S. and R. G. Oberprieler}
}
