@article {13486,
	title = {Stand characteristics and downed woody debris accumulations associated with a mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) outbreak in Colorado},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {258},
	number = {5},
	year = {2009},
	month = {20 August},
	pages = {641-649},
	abstract = {Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.)-dominated ecosystems in north-central Colorado are undergoing rapid and drastic changes associated with overstory tree mortality from a current mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) outbreak. To characterize stand characteristics and downed woody debris loads during the first 7 years of the outbreak, 221 plots (0.02 ha) were randomly established in infested and uninfested stands distributed across the Arapaho National Forest, Colorado. Mountain pine beetle initially attacked stands with higher lodgepole pine basal area, and lower density and basal area of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii [Parry]), and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. var. lasiocarpa) compared to uninfested plots. Mountain pine beetle-affected stands had reduced total and lodgepole pine stocking and quadratic mean diameter. The density and basal area of live overstory lodgepole declined by 62\% and 71\% in infested plots, respectively. The mean diameter of live lodgepole pine was 53\% lower than pre-outbreak in infested plots. Downed woody debris loads did not differ between uninfested plots and plots currently infested at the time of sampling to 3 or 4[long dash]7 years after initial infestation, but the projected downed coarse wood accumulations when 80\% of the mountain pine beetle-killed trees fall indicated a fourfold increase. Depth of the litter layer and maximum height of grass and herbaceous vegetation were greater 4[long dash]7 years after initial infestation compared to uninfested plots, though understory plant percent cover was not different. Seedling and sapling density of all species combined was higher in uninfested plots but there was no difference between infested and uninfested plots for lodgepole pine alone. For trees =2.5 cm in diameter at breast height, the density of live lodgepole pine trees in mountain pine beetle-affected stands was higher than Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir, and aspen, (Populus tremuloides Michx.), in diameter classes comprised of trees from 2.5 cm to 30 cm in diameter, suggesting that lodgepole pine will remain as a dominant overstory tree after the bark beetle outbreak.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Klutsch, Jennifer G. and Negron, Jose F. and Costello, Sheryl L. and Rhoades, Charles C. and West, Daniel R. and Popp, John and Caissie, Rick}
}
@article {12583,
	title = {Successful colonization, reproduction, and new generation emergence in live interior hybrid spruce Picea engelmannii x glauca by mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	journal = {Agricultural and Forest Entomology},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	month = {February},
	pages = {83-89},
	abstract = {1 Although mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins are able to utilize most available Pinus spp. as hosts, successful colonization and reproduction in other hosts within the Pinaceae is rare.2 We observed successful reproduction of mountain pine beetle and emergence of new generation adults from interior hybrid spruce Picea engelmannii x glauca and compared a number of parameters related to colonization and reproductive success in spruce with nearby lodgepole pine Pinus contorta infested by mountain pine beetle.3 The results obtained indicate that reduced competition in spruce allowed mountain pine beetle parents that survived the colonization process to produce more offspring per pair than in more heavily-infested nearby pine.4 We also conducted an experiment in which 20 spruce and 20 lodgepole pines were baited with the aggregation pheromone of mountain pine beetle. Nineteen pines (95\%) and eight spruce (40\%) were attacked by mountain pine beetle, with eight (40\%) and three (15\%) mass-attacked, respectively.5 Successful attacks on nonhost trees during extreme epidemics may be one mechanism by which host shifts and subsequent speciation events have occurred in Dendroctonus spp. bark beetles.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	isbn = {1461-9555},
	author = {Huber, Dezene P. W. and Aukema, Brian H. and Hodgkinson, Robert S. and B.S. Lindgren}
}
@article {11286,
	title = {Semiochemical sabotage: behavioral chemicals for protection of western conifers from bark beetles},
	journal = {U S Forest Service General Technical Report PNW},
	volume = {784},
	year = {2009},
	month = {April},
	pages = {85-109},
	abstract = {The discovery and elucidation of volatile behavioral chemicals used by bark beetles to locate hosts and mates has revealed a rich potential for humans to sabotage beetle host-finding and reproduction. Here, we present a description of currently available semiochemical methods for use in monitoring and controlling bark beetle pests in western conifer forests. Delivery systems include hand-applied methods, such as semiochemical-releasing bubblecaps, pouches, and "puffers," as well as products that can be applied by aircraft such as semiochemical-releasing flakes. Descriptions of both attractant-based ("pull") and anti-attractant-based ("push") strategies are provided. Examples are provided for the major bark beetle pests in western North America, including the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins), western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte), the Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins), the spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby)), and the red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens LeConte),.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus brevicomis, Dendroctonus ponderosae, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, Dendroctonus rufipennis, Dendroctonus valens},
	isbn = {0363-6224},
	author = {Gillette, Nancy E. and Munson, A. Steve}
}
@article {10600,
	title = {Isolation and characterization of 16 microsatellite loci in the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology Resources},
	volume = {9},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	month = {May},
	pages = {1071-1073},
	abstract = {We isolated 16 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) and developed conditions for amplifying these markers in four multiplex reactions. Three to 14 alleles were detected per locus across two sampled populations. Observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.000 to 0.902 and from 0.100 to 0.830, respectively. Three loci deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in one sampled population. One of these loci may be sex linked. These markers will be useful in the study of population structure in this important pest species.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	isbn = {1471-8278},
	author = {Davis, C. S. and Mock, K. E. and Bentz, B. J. and Bromilow, S. M. and Bartell, N. V. and Murray, B. W. and Roe, A. D. and Cooke, J. E. K.}
}
@article {9853,
	title = {Survey and phylogenetic analysis of culturable microbes in the oral secretions of three bark beetle species},
	journal = {Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata},
	volume = {131},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	month = {May},
	pages = {138-147},
	abstract = {In a recent study, we reported a previously undescribed behavior in which a bark beetle exuded oral secretions containing bacteria that have antifungal properties, and hence defend their galleries against pervasive antagonistic Hyphomycete fungi. Actinobacteria, a group known for their antibiotic properties, were the most effective against fungi that invade the spruce beetle galleries. In the present study, we describe the isolation and identification of microorganisms from oral secretions of three bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae): the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby, the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, and the pine engraver, Ips pini Say. Bacteria isolated from these three species span the major bacterial classes [alpha]-, [beta]-, and [gamma]-Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria, except for D. ponderosae, which yielded no [alpha]-proteobacteria or Bacteroidetes isolates. Spruce beetles and pine engraver beetles had similar numbers of [alpha]-proteobacteria isolates, but pine engravers yielded twice as many Bacteroidetes isolates as spruce beetles. In contrast, mountain pine beetles yielded more isolates in the [beta]- and [gamma]-proteobacteria than spruce beetles and pine engravers. The highest percentage of Actinobacteria was obtained from spruce beetles, followed by pine engravers and mountain pine beetles. All of the fungal isolates obtained from the three beetle species were Ascomycetes. The greatest fungal diversity was obtained in spruce beetles, which had nine species, followed by pine engravers with five, and mountain pine beetles with one.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae, Dendroctonus rufipennis, Ips pini},
	isbn = {0013-8703},
	author = {Cardoza, Yasmin J. and Vasanthakumar, Archana and Suazo, Alonso and Raffa, Kenneth F.}
}
@article {9444,
	title = {Multi-scale nest-site selection by black-backed woodpeckers in outbreaks of mountain pine beetles},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {259},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	month = {December 15},
	pages = {220-228},
	abstract = {Areas of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) outbreaks in the Black Hills can provide habitat for black-backed woodpeckers (Picoides arcticus), a U.S. Forest Service, Region 2 Sensitive Species. These outbreaks are managed through removal of trees infested with mountain pine beetles to control mountain pine beetle populations and salvage timber resources. To minimize impacts to black-backed woodpeckers while meeting management objectives, there is a need to identify characteristics of these areas that support black-backed woodpeckers. We examined the habitat associations of this species nesting in areas of beetle outbreaks in the Black Hills, South Dakota in 2004 and 2005. We used an information theoretic approach and discrete choice models to evaluate nest-site selection of 42 woodpecker nests at 3 spatial scales-territory, nest area, and nest tree. At the territory scale (250 m around nest), availability and distribution of food best explained black-backed woodpecker selection of beetle outbreaks versus the surrounding forest. Selection at the territory scale was positively associated with densities of trees currently infested by mountain pine beetles and indices of wood borer (Cerambycidae and Buprestidae) abundance, and was greatest at distances of 50-100 m from the nearest patch of infestation. At the nest-area scale (12.5 m radius around the nest), densities of snags positively influenced nest-area selection. Finally, at the nest-tree scale, aspen (Populus tremuloides) and 3-5-year-old ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) snags were important resources. The association between abundant wood-boring insects and black-backed woodpeckers creates a difficult challenge for forest managers. In the absence of fire, areas of beetle outbreak might serve as the only substantial source of habitat in the Black Hills. Regulating insect populations via salvage logging will reduce key food resources to black-backed woodpeckers during nesting. Therefore, given the relatively infrequent occurrence of large-scale fire in the Black Hills, management should recognize the importance of beetle-killed forests to the long-term viability of the black-backed woodpecker population in the Black Hills. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Bonnot, Thomas W. and Millspaugh, Joshua J. and Rumble, Mark A.}
}
@article {9417,
	title = {Transport of fungal symbionts by mountain pine beetles},
	journal = {Canadian Entomologist},
	volume = {141},
	number = {5},
	year = {2009},
	month = {September-Octobe},
	pages = {503-514},
	abstract = {The perpetuation of symbiotic associations between bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and ophiostomatoid fungi requires the consistent transport of fungi by successive beetle generations to new host trees. We used scanning electron microscopy and culture methods to investigate fungal transport by the mountain pine beetle (MPB), Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins. MPB transports its two main fungal associates, Grosmannia clavigera (Robinson-Jeffrey and Davidson) Zipfel, de Beer and Wingfield and Ophiostoma montium (Rumbold) von Arx, in sac-like mycangia on the maxillary cardines as well as on the exoskeleton. Although spores of both species of fungi were observed oil MPB exoskeletons, often in pits, O. montium spores were generally more abundant than G. clavigera spores. However, a general scarcity of spores of either species on MPB exoskeletons compared with numbers on scolytines that lack sac-like mycangia indicates that fungal transport exteriorly on MPBs is incidental rather than adaptive. Conidia were the dominant spore type transported regardless of location or species; however, Our results Suggest that once acquired in mycangia, conidia may reproduce in a yeast-like form and even produce hypha-like strands and compact conidiophore-like structures. Fungi that propagate in mycangia may provide beetles with a continual source of inocula during the extended egg-laying period.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	isbn = {0008-347X},
	author = {Bleiker, K. P. and Potter, S. E. and Lauzon, C. R. and Six, D.L.}
}
@article {9401,
	title = {Diameter of lodgepole pine and mortality caused by the mountain pine beetle: factors that influence their relationship and applicability for susceptibility rating},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	volume = {39},
	number = {5},
	year = {2009},
	month = {May},
	pages = {908-916},
	abstract = {<p>During outbreaks the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) kills large lodgepole pine trees (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) more frequently than smaller ones. There is, however, considerable variation in the relation of diameter to incidence of attack. In a meta- analysis of published data we found that the relationship was primarily determined by geographic location (elevation, latitude, and longitude). We propose a new tree mortality measure, the probability of death index, defined as the average percentage of mortality for trees \&gt;23 cm. The index may improve the precision in predictive modeling of tree mortality, as it provides a biologically relevant measure of mortality, since it only includes trees that contribute to the growth of an epidemic and is not influenced by the number of trees within a diameter class. To be useful to forest managers, it must be possible to predict the index from stand parameters that are easily meas- ured. The usefulness of the index was supported by a meta- analysis, which showed that 53\% of the variation in the mortal- ity index was explained by geographic location. Tree density did not explain any additional variation. Future research is needed to evaluate the performance of the probability of death index compared with that of other mortality measures.</p>
},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	isbn = {0045-5067},
	author = {Bjorklund, Niklas},
	editor = {B.S. Lindgren}
}
@article {9402,
	title = {Can predicted mountain pine beetle net production be used to improve stand prioritization for management?},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {257},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	month = {January 20},
	pages = {233-237},
	abstract = {Stand-level planning of lodgepole pine management can benefit from the use of mountain pine beetle susceptibility-riskmodel analyses to assign treatment priority. Priority is currently assigned based solely on relative levels of expected volume loss in the event of a mountain pine beetle outbreak.We evaluated the possibility to predict the relative contribution of brood beetles, by infested stands, to the next beetle generation. Existing data were used to develop generalized parameters for inclusion in predictive models of stand-level mortality and brood production. Model output for independent stands achieved a highly significant relationship with measured outcomes of brood productivity, indicating that relative levels of brood production can be predicted and incorporated into decision-models.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Bjorklund, Niklas and B.S. Lindgren and Shore, Terry L. and Cudmore, Tim}
}
@article {5232,
	title = {The mountain pine beetle as an agent of forest disturbance},
	journal = {British Columbia Journal of Ecosystems and Management},
	volume = {9},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Winter},
	pages = {9-13},
	abstract = {Outbreaks of mountain pine beetle are evaluated as a generic disturbance agent, and comparisons are made with other forest disturbances such as wildfire, windthrow, and logging. A useful basis for comparison is the degree of disruption to the overstorey, understorey, and forest floor layers. Clear differences are observed in the impacts of bark beetles, fire, and windthrow, but there is overlap with various harvesting systems. Insects are selective in terms of the species or size of tree that is killed; this selectivity varies with stand composition, stand structure, and outbreak stage. The mountain pine beetle functions as part of larger natural disturbance regimes in western North America, which vary with climate and forest type. Outbreaks of many different insects occur throughout western Canada, with the relative role of fire and insects differing among ecoregions and over time. Beetle-killed stands may facilitate extreme fire behaviour and may be more susceptible to future burning. Large expanses of dead or removed trees also result in altered soil water balance and stream flows, disposing some sites to mass movement or flooding. All disturbances generate heterogeneity, with much of the value to biodiversity and ecosystem recovery depending on residual structure and biological legacies. The capacity for unassisted recovery and the value of each stand to timber supply, carbon balance, and habitat needs in a landscape context are relevant when considering salvage logging or forest rehabilitation. The future role of forest pests is expected to fluctuate in response to changes in climate and the altered composition and structure of western forests.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	isbn = {1488-4666},
	url = {http://www.forrex.org/jem/default.asp},
	author = {Burton, Philip J.}
}
