@article {13976,
	title = {Phoretic dispersal of entomopathogenic nematodes by Hylobius abietis},
	journal = {Nematology},
	volume = {11},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009},
	pages = {419-427},
	abstract = {Phoresis is a strategy in which one organism (the phoretic) attaches to another (the host) for the implied purpose of dispersal and is valuable for small flightless invertebrates with limited mobility. Previous work has shown that the relatively immobile larvae of Hylobius abietis (the large pine weevil) are highly susceptible to entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) and support nematode reproduction whereas adults do not. Here, we demonstrate that the infective juveniles (IJ) of two species of EPN, Heterorhabditis megidis and Steinernema carpocapsae, can use the resistant but highly mobile adults of H. abietis for phoretic dispersal. The ability to use adult H. abietis for phoresis depended on nematode species and habitat (sand vs peat) and there was no evidence of sex-biased dispersal in S. carpocapsae for which the IJ are dioecious. We hypothesise that phoretic dispersal may be a significant mechanism to avoid sibling competition and inbreeding in EPN, which produce tens of thousands of offspring at point sources in a relatively impenetrable habitat.},
	keywords = {Hylobius abietis},
	isbn = {1388-5545},
	author = {Kruitbos, Laura M. and Heritage, Stuart and Wilson, Michael J.}
}
@article {11479,
	title = {Occurrence of Hylobius spp. in Carinthia},
	journal = {Forstschutz Aktuell},
	volume = {48},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Dezember},
	pages = {10-14},
	abstract = {The occurrence of Hylobius spp. was investigated at several localities in the Carinthian districts of Feldkirchen, Klagenfurt-Land and of Valkermarkt in the year 2005. Another aim was to test the lure effect of different tree species as trap material to attract beetles. In total, 5276 adult Hylobius spp. - 5256 H. abietis and 20 H. piceus - were collected. The occurrence of these two species was different during the seasons. in the majority of cases more beetles were collected on spruce bark pieces than on pine and larch log sections.},
	keywords = {Hylobius abietis},
	isbn = {1815-5103; 1815-5111},
	author = {Griesser, Sonja and Kritsch, Peter and Wegensteiner, Rudolf}
}
@article {10904,
	title = {Competition and intraguild predation between the braconid parasitoid Bracon hylobii and the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis downesi, natural enemies of the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {99},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	month = {April},
	pages = {151-161},
	abstract = {In biological control programmes introduced natural enemies compete with indigenous enemies for hosts and may also engage in intraguild predation when two species competing for the same prey attack and consume one another. The large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an important pest of coniferous reforestation in Europe. Among its natural enemies, the parasitoid Bracon hylobii Ratz. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and entomopathogenic nematodes have potential as biological control agents. Both parasitoid and nematodes target the weevil larvae and, hence, there is potential for competition or intraguild predation.In this study, we examine the interaction of B. hylobii with the nematode Heterorhabditis downesi Stock, Griffin and Burnell (Nematode: Heterorhabditidae), testing the susceptibility of larvae, pupae and adults of B. hylobii to H. downesi and whether female parasitoids discriminate between nematode-infected and uninfected weevils for oviposition. In choice tests, when weevils were exposed to nematodes 1-7 days previously, no B. hylobii oviposited on nematode-infected weevil larvae. Up to 24 h, healthy weevils were twice as likely as nematode-infected ones to be used for oviposition. Bracon hylobii females did not adjust clutch size; nematode-infected hosts were either rejected or the parasitoid laid a full clutch of eggs on them.When nematodes were applied to the parasitoid feeding on weevil larvae, the nematodes parasitized the parasitoid larvae, there was a reduction in cocoon formation and fewer cocoons eclosed. Eclosion rate was not reduced when nematodes were applied to fully formed cocoons, but nearly all of the emerging adults were killed by nematodes.},
	keywords = {Hylobius abietis},
	isbn = {0007-4853},
	author = {Everard, A. and Griffin, C. T. and Dillon, A. B.}
}
@article {9406,
	title = {Pine weevil feeding on Norway spruce bark has a stronger impact on needle VOC emissions than enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation},
	journal = {Environmental Pollution},
	volume = {157},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	month = {January},
	pages = {174-180},
	abstract = {Plants can respond physiologically to damaging ultraviolet-B radiation by altering leaf chemistry, especially UV absorbing phenolic compounds. However, the effects on terpene emissions have received little attention. We conducted two field trials in plots with supplemented UV-B radiation and assessed the influence of feeding by pine weevils, Hylobius abietis L., on volatile emissions from 3-year old Norway spruce trees (Picea abies L. Karst.). We collected emissions from branch tips distal to the feeding weevils, and from whole branches including the damage sites. Weevil feeding clearly induced the emission of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, particularly linalool and (E)-ss-farnesene, from branch tips, and the sums of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes emitted by whole branches were substantially increased. We discovered little effect of UV-B radiation up to 30\% above the ambient level on volatile emissions from branch tips distal to damage sites, but there was a possible effect on bark emissions from damage sites.},
	keywords = {Hylobius abietis},
	isbn = {0269-7491},
	author = {Blande, James D. and Turunen, Katariina and Holopainen, Jarmo K.}
}
