@article {11141,
	title = {Influence of temperature on spring flight initiation for southwestern ponderosa pine bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae)},
	journal = {Environmental Entomology},
	volume = {37},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	month = {February},
	pages = {57-69},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Determination of temperature requirements for many economically important insects is a cornerstone of pest management. For bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), this information can facilitate timing of management strategies. Our goals were to determine temperature predictors for flight initiation of three species of Ips bark beetles, five species of Dendroctonus bark beetles, and two genera of bark beetle predators, Enoclerus spp. (Coleoptera: Cleridae) and Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim) (Coleoptera: Ostomidae), in ponderosa pine forests of northcentral Arizona. We quantified beetle flight activity using data loggers and pheromone-baited funnel traps at 18 sites over 4 yr. Ambient air temperature was monitored using temperature data loggers located in close proximity to funnel traps. We analyzed degree-day accumulation and differences between minimum, average, and maximum ambient temperature for the week before and week of first beetle capture to calculate flight temperature thresholds. Degree-day accumulation was not a good predictor for initiation of beetle flight. For all species analyzed other than D. adjunctus Blandford, beetles were captured in traps only when springtime temperatures exceeded 15.0[degree]C. D. adjunctus was collected when maximum temperatures reached only 14.5[degree]C. Once initial flights had begun, beetles were often captured when maximum ambient air temperatures were below initial threshold temperatures. Maximum and average air temperatures were a better predictor for beetle flight initiation than minimum temperature. We establish a temperature range for effective monitoring of bark beetles and their predators, and we discuss the implications of our results under climate change scenarios},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus brevicornis, Dendroctonus frontalis, Dendroctonus ponderosae, Dendroctonus valens, Enoclerus, Ips lecontei, Ips pini},
	isbn = {0046-225X},
	author = {Gaylord, M. L. and Williams, K. K. and Hofstetter, R. W. and McMillin, J. D. and Degomez, T. E. and Wagner, M. R.}
}
@article {10845,
	title = {Mountain pine beetle attack associated with low levels of 4-allylanisole in ponderosa pine},
	journal = {Environmental Entomology},
	volume = {37},
	number = {4},
	year = {2008},
	month = {August},
	pages = {871-875},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) is the most important insect pest in southern Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests. Tree mortality is hastened by the various fungal pathogens that are symbiotic with the beetles. The phenylpropanoid 4-allylanisole and monoterpene profiles in the xylem oleoresin from a total of 107 trees at six sites from two chemotypes of ponderosa pine found in Colorado and New Mexico using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Although monoterpene profiles were essentially the same in attacked and nonattacked trees, significantly lower levels of 4-allylanisole were found in attacked trees compared with trees that showed no evidence of attack for both chemotypes.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	isbn = {0046-225X},
	author = {Emerick, Jay J. and Snyder, Aaron I. and Bower, Nathan W. and Sxyder, Marc A.}
}
@article {9418,
	title = {Dietary benefits of fungal associates to an eruptive herbivore: potential implications of multiple associates on host population dynamics},
	journal = {Environmental Entomology},
	volume = {36},
	number = {6},
	year = {2007},
	month = {December},
	pages = {1384-1396},
	abstract = {We used the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) and its two fungal associates, Grosmannia clavigera and Ophiostoma montium, to study potential nutritional benefits of fungi to bark beetles. We tested for potential effects of feeding on phloem colonized by fungi on beetle performance in field and laboratory studies. The fungi increased nitrogen levels in the phloem of attacked trees by 40\%, indicating that it may be an important source of dietary nitrogen for mountain pine beetles. However, nitrogen levels of phloem inoculated with fungi in the laboratory were similar to uncolonized phloem, indicating that the fungi may redistribute nitrogen from the sapwood to the phloem rather than increase absolute levels of nitrogen. Beetles emerging from attacked trees carrying G. clavigera were larger than beetles carrying O. montium, which in turn were larger than beetles lacking fungi. Results of experimental laboratory studies varied, likely because of differences in the growth and sporulation of fungi under artificial conditions. Results indicate that the two fungi may offer complementary benefits to the mountain pine beetle because larvae preferentially fed on phloem colonized by both fungi together over phloem colonized by one fungus or uncolonized phloem. Teneral adults preemergence fed on spores in pupal chambers when they were produced and consumed little phloem before emerging. Teneral adults mined extensively in the phloem before emerging when spores were not produced in the pupal chamber. Our results provide evidence for a nutritional role of fungi in the diet of bark beetles and show that multiple associates may differentially affect beetle performance, which could have important implications for bark beetle population dynamics.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	isbn = {0046-225X},
	author = {Bleiker, K. P. and Six, D.L.}
}
