@article {15274, title = {Differences in bark beetle (Ips typographus and Pityogenes chalcographus) abundance in a strict spruce reserve and the surrounding spruce forests of Serbia}, journal = {Phytoparasitica}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, month = {Feb}, pages = {31-37}, abstract = {Frequent windthrow in the strict reserves of spruce in the Kopaonik National Park provides much material favorable for the development of Ips typographus (L.) and Pityogenes chalcographus (L.) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). Therefore it was assumed that the abundance of these bark beetles in the reserves was high and that they dispersed to the surrounding spruce forests. To verify this opinion, their population levels were monitored in the strict reserve Jankove Bare and the adjoining spruce forests over the period 2006-2008. I. typographus parasitoids were identified and the parasitism percent was determined in spruce forests around the reserves. Throughout the monitoring period, the abundance of I. typographus and P. chalcographus was found to be lower in the reserve than in the surrounding spruce forests. Five species of I. typographus parasitoids and a low parasitization percent were identified in spruce forests surrounding the reserve.}, keywords = {Ips typographus, Pityogenes chalcographus}, isbn = {0334-2123}, author = {Markovic, Cedomir and Stojanovic, Aleksandar} } @article {14598, title = {Differences in bark beetle (Ips typographus and Pityogenes chalcographus) abundance in a strict spruce reserve and the surrounding spruce forests of Serbia}, journal = {Phytoparasitica}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, month = {Feb}, pages = {31-37}, abstract = {Frequent windthrow in the strict reserves of spruce in the Kopaonik National Park provides much material favorable for the development of Ips typographus (L.) and Pityogenes chalcographus (L.) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). Therefore it was assumed that the abundance of these bark beetles in the reserves was high and that they dispersed to the surrounding spruce forests. To verify this opinion, their population levels were monitored in the strict reserve Jankove Bare and the adjoining spruce forests over the period 2006-2008. I. typographus parasitoids were identified and the parasitism percent was determined in spruce forests around the reserves. Throughout the monitoring period, the abundance of I. typographus and P. chalcographus was found to be lower in the reserve than in the surrounding spruce forests. Five species of I. typographus parasitoids and a low parasitization percent were identified in spruce forests surrounding the reserve.}, keywords = {Ips typographus, Pityogenes chalcographus}, isbn = {0334-2123}, author = {Markovic, Cedomir and Stojanovic, Aleksandar} } @article {13981, title = {Cambioxylophagous fauna developing on logging residues of blue spruce (Picea pungens Engelmann)}, journal = {Journal of Forest Science}, volume = {57}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, month = {2011}, pages = {24-33}, abstract = {Cutting down 20- to 30-years-old trees of blue spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.) (October, May) and cross-cutting them to sections of different volume (0.5[long dash]75 dm3) under conditions of half-shade x open area resulted in a potential food offer for cambiophages. Ips amitinus (Eichh.) and Pityogenes chalcographus (L.) reached the higher frequency of occurrence on sections placed in the open area than in half-shade and on stems felled in the autumn season than in the spring season. Dryocoetes autographus (Ratz.) was markedly profiled on sections in half-shade with the gradual desiccation of phloem. P. chalcographus preferring open areas occurred on branches being accompanied by Cryphalus abietis (Ratz.), which attacked branches located in half-shade. On stems of sections from both autumn and spring felling, one generation of I. amitinus developed, however, on autumn sections, the 2nd generation developed unsuccessfully on the original nutritive material. P. chalcographus completed the development of one generation on stems and branches from autumn felling. On the spring material, the invasion was delayed and a part of wintering larvae did not complete their development. Logging residues of P. pungens were available for the development of I. amitinus and P. chalcographus during one growing season only.}, keywords = {Ips amitinus, Pityogenes chalcographus}, isbn = {1212-4834}, author = {Kula, E. and Kajfosz, R. and Polivka, J.} } @article {13950, title = {Bark beetle calamity remained topical also in 2007}, journal = {Forstschutz Aktuell}, volume = {42}, year = {2008}, month = {Mai}, pages = {8-10}, type = {Article}, abstract = {In 2007, 2.14 million m3 of wood were infested by bark beetle. This means a slight decrease of bark beetle damage compared to the year before. However, the record level of 2 million m3 has been exceeded the fifth consecutive year. Due to the massive wind throw from gales early in 2008, bark beetle gradation will remain a topical issue. Seven federal provinces joined the Austrian bark beetle monitoring system consisting of approximately 170 pheromone traps. The flight activity and especially the flight maxi-mum differed considerably. However, the flight showed a very consistent pattern starting early again, as expected.}, keywords = {Ips typographus, Pityogenes chalcographus}, isbn = {1815-5111}, author = {Krehan, Hannes and Steyrer, Gottfried} } @article {13232, title = {Feeding habits of Pityogenes chalcographus (L.) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) on Norway Spruce (Picea abies) L. (Karst.) logging residues in wind-damaged stands in southern Poland}, journal = {International Journal of Pest Management}, volume = {58}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, month = {2012}, pages = {121-130}, abstract = {The effect of deposition of logging residues (e. g. cut branches and tree tops) on infestation density and reproductive efficiency of the smaller European (six-toothed) spruce bark beetle, Pityogenes chalcographus (L.) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae), was studied on Norway Spruce (Picea abies) L. (Karst.) stands in southern Poland. It was found that such materials, originating from windbreaks and windfalls and spread loosely over the forest floor, were more readily infested by P. chalcographus than materials gathered in piles. However, the beetles achieved a significantly higher reproductive efficiency (number of new generation beetles per each parent individual) on branches in piles than on those spread loosely. In piles, the P. chalcographus infestation density, measured as the total number of individuals per square decimetre of bark area, and reproductive efficiency varied, depending on the location of the branches in a pile. The most favourable breeding conditions occurred in the middle layer of a pile. It was also found that at different infestation densities the method and placement of woody debris deposition did not affect the number of beetles that emerged. These results are discussed in the context of using logging residues as natural traps for bark beetles.}, keywords = {Pityogenes chalcographus}, isbn = {0967-0874}, author = {Kacprzyk, Magdalena} } @article {11487, title = {Stored spruce timber as the breeding material for Pityogenes chalcographus (L.) (Col., Curculionidae, Scolytinae)}, journal = {Lesne Prace Badawcze}, volume = {69}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, month = {2008}, pages = {197-201}, type = {Article}, abstract = {The field analyses of unbarked spruce logs stored within the forest, done in 2005 and 2007, revealed its heavy infestation by Pityogenes chalcographus (frequency 36 and 73\%, respectively). The logs stored in sunny place were less infested, and the infestation density was not related to the section diameter. The frequency and infestation density was lower by 13 and 6.5 times, respectively, on the logs sprayed with lime. In 2006, high (88\%) P. chalcographus frequency was found on standing, infested trees next to the place of experiment from 2005. Stored spruce timber can serve as additional breeding material for the pest, but can also be used as trap logs. The consequences of such untypical occurrence for the threat to the surrounding spruce stands are discussed and possible forest protection practices are proposed.}, keywords = {Pityogenes chalcographus}, isbn = {1732-9442}, author = {Grodzki, Wojciech and Plata, Jaroslaw} } @article {11419, title = {Natural regeneration of mixed spruce and fir stand (Abieti-Piceetum) damaged by spruce bark beetles in the area of Knezevo}, journal = {Sumarstvo}, volume = {2008}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, month = {2008}, pages = {53-64}, type = {Article}, abstract = {Natural regeneration in a mixed fir and spruce stand (Abieti [long dash] Piceetum) was resea- rched on the areas damaged by spruce bark beetles and reclaimed by clear cutting. The damage occurred in 2003 due to poorly applied forest order. All the infested and dead, mainly spruce trees, damaged by spruce bark beetles (Pityogenes chalcographus and Ips typographus) were removed by clear cutting in the form of irregular circular areas. The degree of regeneration, abundance and the characteristics of fir and spruce young growth were studieddepending on the aspect of the regeneration areas and their sizes. Natural regeneration of firand spruce stands after the reclamation of the damage caused by bark beetles should be adapted to a specific management system, because the differences in fir and spruce bioecological characters require different silvicultural procedures depending on the actual state. By the application of clear cutting in the form of circular areas with eccentric extensions, the conditions of spruce natural regeneration can be improved in the aim of achieving the technical goals of management of mixed fir and spruce forests.}, keywords = {Ips typographus, Pityogenes chalcographus}, isbn = {0350-1752}, author = {Govedar, Zoran and Stanivukovic, Zoran and Zlokapa, Brane} } @article {10591, title = {Research on the proper usage of the pheromone trap method monitoring and mass trapping of Ips typographus L. and Pityogenes chalcographus L. in the federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina}, journal = {Forstschutz Aktuell}, volume = {44}, year = {2008}, month = {November}, pages = {10-11}, type = {Article; Meeting paper}, abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to determine the number of installed synthetic pheromone baited traps for monitoring and mass trapping of 1ps typographus and Pityogenes chalcographus. the types of traps and pheromone dispensers and the propriety of used method on the site (trap position, trap distance of the nearest healthy spruce tree, trap height, etc.) are examined. The number of controlled traps was 1116; the number of those completely correctly placed traps was 223, that is 20 percent.}, keywords = {Ips typographus, Pityogenes chalcographus}, isbn = {1815-5111}, author = {Dautbasic, Mirza and Trestic, Tarik and Mujezinovic, Osman and Bajric, Muhamed} } @article {9375, title = {Preference-performance relationship and influence of plant relatedness on host use by Pityogenes chalcographus L}, journal = {Agricultural and Forest Entomology}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, month = {November}, pages = {389-396}, abstract = {Pityogenes chalcographus L. (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) causes damage in European coniferous forests, primarily on Picea abies L. Karst., but is also recorded on other native and exotic Pinaceae species. Estimating the adequacy between adult preference and larval performance of this beetle among its host-range, as well as the influence of plant taxonomic relatedness on these parameters, would provide useful information on the beetle{\textquoteright}s ability to shift onto novel hosts.Choice and no-choice assays were conducted under laboratory conditions. Adult preference and larval performance parameters among two native (Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea abies) and three exotic north American (Pinus contorta Dougl., Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. and Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirbel (Franco)) conifer species were measured.Pityogenes chalcographus exhibited a significant positive relationship between preference and performance. Picea abies was both the preferred and the most suitable host species for larval development. The closest relative, P. sitchensis, was the second best choice in terms of preference and performance. Pseudotsuga menziesii occupied an intermediate position for both beetle preference and performance, and Pinus spp. were the least suitable hosts for beetle development.Adult preference and larval performance ranking among hosts provides little support to the plant taxonomic relatedness hypothesis. Taxonomic relatedness could play a role on the diet breadth, although only at a limited scale, within the genus Picea. At higher taxonomic levels, other factors such as bark thickness might be decisive.}, keywords = {Pityogenes chalcographus}, isbn = {1461-9555}, author = {Bertheau, Coralie and Salle, Aurelien and Roux-Morabito, Geraldine and Garcia, Jacques and Certain, Gregoire and Lieutier, Francois} } @article {9373, title = {Lack of genetic differentiation after host range extension argues for the generalist nature of Pityogenes chalcographus (Curculionidae: Scolytinae)}, journal = {Annals of Forest Science}, volume = {69}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, month = {Apr}, pages = {313-323}, abstract = {The bark beetle, Pityogenes chalcographus, is one of the main pests in Picea abies stands, and it has also been found on other European Pinaceae species. With massive introductions of North American conifer species into European forests, this insect has extended its host range to exotic Pinaceae species. This study assessed whether a wider host range has influenced the genetic structure of P. chalcographus and has led to host specialization. Insects were collected from two different regions of France, where eight native and exotic conifer species coexist and were analyzed using mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers. Considerable haplotypic diversity was observed within the regions and within host species from where P. chalcographus populations were collected. No genetic differentiation, especially with respect to host species associations, could be detected. Moreover, no relationship could be established between closely related P. chalcographus haplotypes and taxonomically related conifer species. The capacity of P. chalcographus for host shifting and dispersal may have played a key role in the rapid extension of its host range. These findings are important for pest management in forests and health and phytosanitary measures in the timber trade, especially for risk assessment in mixed coniferous forests including tree species of major economic importance.}, keywords = {Pityogenes chalcographus}, isbn = {1286-4560; 1297-966X}, author = {Bertheau, Coralie and Bankhead-Dronnet, Stephanie and Martin, Carine and Lieutier, Francois and Roux-Morabito, Geraldine} } @article {9128, title = {Sympatric occurrence of diverged mtDNA lineages of Pityogenes chalcographus (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) in Europe}, journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {94}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, month = {June}, pages = {331-340}, type = {Article}, abstract = {Differentiation among the European populations of the six-toothed spruce bark beetle Pityogenes chalcographus was observed for the first time in the 1970s as mating males from Northern Europe with females from Central Europe led to a significant decline in fecundity. Morphological examination revealed that P. chalcographus can be separated into two European races. Here, we investigated the genetic background of this separation by analysing 39 populations (n = 695), sequencing almost the complete cytochrome oxidase I gene (1543 bp) and applying single-strand conformation polymorphism. Phylogenetic analysis of 58 haplotypes yielded three major clades with a maximum sequence divergence of 2.33\%, indicating that the demographic events took place in the late Pleistocene. These results support the hypothesis of allopatric divergence of the mtDNA lineages, which postglacially came into sympatric existence in Europe. However, as a result of partial crossing incompatibility the diverged lineages retained their genetic identity during postglacial times.}, keywords = {Pityogenes chalcographus}, isbn = {0024-4066}, author = {Avtzis, Dimitrios N. and Arthofer, Wolfgang and Stauffer, Christian} } @article {9129, title = {Pityogenes chalcographus (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) at the southernmost borderline of Norway spruce (Picea abies) in Greece}, journal = {Entomologia Hellenica}, volume = {19}, year = {2010}, month = {2010}, pages = {3-13}, abstract = {The six toothed bark beetle, Pityogenes chalcographus L. (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) is a widely distributed pest in Europe, infesting mainly Norway spruce (Picea abies) as well as other conifer species such as Pinus sp., Abies alba, Larix deciduas, L. sibirica and Pseudotsuga douglasii. Even though the distribution of this bark beetle coincides that of its main host tree, P. abies, the occurrence of P. chalcographus has never been recorded in the spruce forest of Elatia-Drama, Northern Greece, which is the southernmost area of the natural, autochthonous distribution of P. abies. In this study we installed five pheromone traps baited with chalcogran dispensers in the forest of Elatia. The total number of bark beetles attracted to these traps exceeded several thousands of individuals. Norway spruce trees growing in the natural forest of Elatia demonstrate low vigor, something that can be attributed to the marginal environmental conditions in concert with the effects of climate change. The combination of these factors inhibits the regular growth of spruce, rendering trees more susceptible to the attack of P. chalcographus.}, keywords = {Pityogenes chalcographus}, isbn = {0254-5381}, author = {Avtzis, D. N. and Arthofer, W. and Stauffer, C. and Avtzis, N. and Wegensteiner, R.} } @article {9058, title = {Pitfalls in applying mitochondrial markers onto the scolytid species Pityogenes chalcographus}, journal = {U S Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Proceedings RMRS-P}, volume = {45}, year = {2007}, month = {June}, pages = {15-19}, abstract = {Pityogenes chalcographus is one of the major pests in Eurasian spruce stands. Crossing experiments performed in the mid-1970s suggested race differentiation, and mtDNA analysis of P. chalcographus gave evidence that today{\textquoteright}s populations are divided into several clades. The genetic distance between clades favours a model of allopatric origin with a separation about one million years ago while today haplotypes of the major clades exist sympatrically all over Europe. Within the last few years, the use of mtDNA as a sole genetic marker became a matter of critical discussion. It was shown that nuclear copies of mtDNA (numts) led to artefacts in some of the derived genealogies. A long PCR based approach for elimination of potential numt sequences was developed to validate the dataset of P. chalcographus. This method showed that the beetle{\textquoteright}s genome does not contain numts. Another factor that may influence mitogenomes is the presence of endosymbiotic Wolbachia, which causes alterations in insect reproduction and thus influences the population{\textquoteright}s mtDNA patterns. While Wolbachia was not found in P. chalcographus in past studies, the use of long and nested PCR, cloning and sequencing of PCR products, and in situ hybridization techniques gave evidence that at least a certain percentage of European populations harbour this intracellular endosymbiont. An influence on the mitochondrial dataset can not be excluded and further research is proposed to estimate the prevalence of Wolbachia in P. chalcographus.}, keywords = {Pityogenes chalcographus}, author = {Arthofer, Wolfgang and Avtzis, Dimitrios N. and Riegler, Markus and Miller, Wolfgang J. and Stauffer, Christian} } @article {9059, title = {Lessons from a beetle and an ant: coping with taxon-dependent differences in microsatellite development success}, journal = {Journal of Molecular Evolution}, volume = {65}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, month = {September}, pages = {304-307}, abstract = {Microsatellites are powerful markers often isolated de novo for species yet to be investigated. Enriched genomic libraries are usually used for isolation purposes. We critically evaluate the outcome of an enrichment-based protocol applied to two insect species (the ant Lasius austriacus and the beetle Pityogenes chalcographus) which yielded contrasting numbers of suitable loci. Our findings of differences in microsatellite isolation are consistent with the available data on differences in genomic characteristics across these taxa. In the beetle repeated isolation of identical motifs, difficulties in primer development, and multibanded products caused loss of most candidate clones. We identified critical steps during marker development}, keywords = {Pityogenes chalcographus}, isbn = {0022-2844}, author = {Arthofer, Wolfgang and Schlick-Steiner, Birgit C. and Steiner, Florian M. and Avtzis, Dimitrios N. and Crozier, Ross H. and Stauffer, Christian} } @article {5617, title = {Mitochondrial phylogenies in the light of pseudogenes and Wolbachia: re-assessment of a bark beetle dataset}, journal = {Zookeys}, volume = {56}, year = {2010}, note = {(Special Issue)}, month = {2010}, pages = {269-280}, abstract = {Phylogenetic studies based on mtDNA become increasingly questioned because of potential pitfalls due to mitochondrial pseudogenes and mitochondrial selective sweeps. While the inclusion of nuclear markers should preferentially be considered for future studies, there is no need to abandon mtDNA as long as tests for the known mtDNA artefacts are performed. In this study we present additional data and test previous phylogeographical studies of Pityogenes chalcographus. We did not detect nuclear copies (numts) of the previously used mitochondrial markers by performing a combined long range/nested PCR of the COI gene and by an in silico analysis of the COI sequence data. This confirms the robustness of our previous phylogenetic study of P. chalcographus. Results of an in-situ hybridization of Wolbachia in P. chalcographus confirm the presence of this endosysmbiont in this species. However, we did not detect a correlation between infection status, geographical region and mtDNA haplotypes. The hybridisation data also support a previous hypothesis that infections do not result from parasitoids or parasitic nematodes, insect surface or laboratory contaminations and are hence a true infection of P. chalcographus. We conclude that the deep structure found in mitochondrial populations of P. chalcographus indeed represents the evolutionary history of European populations.}, keywords = {Pityogenes chalcographus}, url = {http://pensoftonline.net/zookeys/index.php/journal/issue/view/58}, author = {Arthofer, Wolfgang and Avtzis, Dimitrios N. and Riegler, Markus and Stauffer, Christian} }