@article {13077,
	title = {Molecular diagnosis of a previously unreported predator-prey association in coffee: Karnyothrips flavipes Jones (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) predation on the coffee berry borer},
	journal = {Naturwissenschaften},
	volume = {97},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {291-298},
	abstract = {The coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei, is the most important pest of coffee throughout the world, causing losses estimated at US $500 million/year. The thrips Karnyothrips flavipes was observed for the first time feeding on immature stages of H. hampei in April 2008 from samples collected in the Kisii area of Western Kenya. Since the trophic interactions between H. hampei and K. flavipes are carried out entirely within the coffee berry, and because thrips feed by liquid ingestion, we used molecular gut-content analysis to confirm the potential role of K. flavipes as a predator of H. hampei in an organic coffee production system. Species-specific COI primers designed for H. hampei were shown to have a high degree of specificity for H. hampei DNA and did not produce any PCR product from DNA templates of the other insects associated with the coffee agroecosystems. In total, 3,327 K. flavipes emerged from 17,792 H. hampei-infested berries collected from the field between April and September 2008. Throughout the season, 8.3\% of K. flavipes tested positive for H. hampei DNA, although at times this figure approached 50\%. Prey availability was significantly correlated with prey consumption, thus indicating the potential impact on H. hampei populations.},
	keywords = {Hypothenemus hampei},
	isbn = {0028-1042},
	author = {Jaramillo, Juliana and Chapman, Eric G. and Vega, Fernando E. and Harwood, James D.}
}
@article {13075,
	title = {Where to sample? Ecological implications of sampling strata in determining abundance and impact of natural enemies of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {49},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	month = {June},
	pages = {245-253},
	abstract = {Several parasitoids of African origin have been introduced to coffee producing areas of the Americas and Asia as biological control agents of the coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). These parasitoids have become established in the field but their effect on the CBB has been limited. A two-year field study in Western Kenya has found Prorops nasuta (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) to be the predominant parasitoid emerging from CBB-infested coffee berries collected on coffee trees or from the ground. P. nasuta comprises more than 75\% of the total natural enemies collected. The density of A nasuta was 90\% higher in the berries collected from the ground than from the trees. Its hyperparasitoid, Aphanogmus sp. (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronidae), also emerged from both type of berries. Across the two seasons, the average A nasuta density per berry was 18-35 times higher than that of Aphanogmus sp. Throughout the two years sampled, significantly higher numbers of P. nasuta and Aphanogmus sp. occurred between February and March, which coincides with the beginning of the rainy season. Higher numbers of live CBB females were recorded in berries collected from the trees. Nevertheless, mortality of adult CBB was considerably higher from January to March and started to decrease from April onwards. The possibly negative effects of cultural control practices in Latin America which include the removal of berries fallen to the ground on biological control of CBB are discussed, and the use of screened collection devices for these berries which would permit the release of parasitoids but prevent escape of the pest is proposed. [copyright] 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Hypothenemus hampei},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	author = {Jaramillo, Juliana and Chabi-Olaye, Adenirin and Borgemeister, Christian and Kamonjo, Charles and Poehling, Hans-Michael and Vega, Fernando E.}
}
@article {10893,
	title = {The biology of Phymastichus coffea LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) under field conditions},
	journal = {Biological Control},
	volume = {49},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	month = {June},
	pages = {227-233},
	abstract = {The coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) was accidentally introduced into Mexico, in 1978, and rapidly became the main pest of coffee. As an exotic pest, its management has been mainly based on biological control methods through the introduction of parasitoids from Africa. In this context, at the beginning of the present decade, the parasitoid Phymastichus coffea LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was imported to Mexico. Since then, several studies have been carried out as part of the post introduction evaluation of this parasitoid. In this paper. information concerning the parasitism and life-cycle of A coffea in coffee farms is presented with the objective of providing information that elucidates its role as a biological control agent. A coffea showed highly significant preferences for allocation of two eggs per host, usually one female and one male. Both offspring are able to develop and reach the adult stage successfully. Lifespan of adults is 2-3 days only. The degree of parasitism by P. coffea was more than 95\% at the three altitudes tested, when releases consisted of a ratio of 10 CBB:1 parasitoid. The median survivorship of CBB parasitized by this wasp was 13, 15 and 19 days at the low, medium and high altitude coffee zones, respectively. The parasitism by P. coffea was higher when parasitoid releases were carried out simultaneously with the CBB, and decreased with the time between host and parasitoid releases. We showed that using P. coffea at a density of 1 parasitoid per 10 hosts resulted in a 3- to 5.6-fold decrease in CBB damage to the coffee seeds when compared to the control. The importance and value of these results are discussed in terms of the use of P. coffea as a biological control agent of the CBB in Latin America. [copyright] 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Hypothenemus hampei},
	isbn = {1049-9644},
	author = {Espinoza, Julio C. and Infante, Francisco and Castillo, Alfredo and Perez, Jeanneth and Nieto, Guadalupe and Pinson, Erika P. and Vega, Fernando E.}
}
@article {9872,
	title = {Susceptibility of the parasitoid Phymastichus coffea LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) to Beauveria bassiana under laboratory conditions},
	journal = {Neotropical Entomology},
	volume = {38},
	number = {5},
	year = {2009},
	month = {September-Octobe},
	pages = {665-670},
	abstract = {The coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is the most important coffee pest worldwide. Beauveria bassiana is a generalist entomopathogenic fungus widely used by coffee farmers to control this pest and Phymastichus coffea LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is an African endoparasitoid of H. hampei adults, recently imported to several Latin American and Caribbean countries to aid in the coffee berry borer control. The objective of this study was to determine if B. bassiana is detrimental to P. coffea. The susceptibility of the parasitoid was evaluated in terms of adult survivorship, mean lethal concentration (LC50), mean lethal time (LT50), reproduction and immature mortality. The main effect of the fungus resulted in reduction of adult longevity and mortality of 100\% for immature stages of this parasitoid. The LC50 for adults was 0.11\% equivalent to 9.53 x 107 conidia/ml of B. bassiana and a LT50 of 29.4h, equivalent to reduction of 22\% of its normal longevity as an adult. P. coffea was capable of disseminating spores of B. bassiana to non-infected H. hampei adults, which could indirectly cause the death of its own progeny. These results could be valuable when considering the use of both organisms in the field, especially in an integrated pest management program.},
	keywords = {Hypothenemus hampei},
	isbn = {1519-566X},
	author = {Castillo, Alfredo and Gomez, Jaime and Infante, Francisco and Vega, Fernando E.}
}
@article {5519,
	title = {Thermal tolerance of the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei: predictions of climate change impact on a tropical insect pest},
	journal = {Plos One},
	volume = {4},
	number = {8},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009},
	pages = {e6487, 1-11},
	abstract = {Coffee is predicted to be severely affected by climate change. We determined the thermal tolerance of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei, the most devastating pest of coffee worldwide, and make inferences on the possible effects of climate change using climatic data from Colombia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Ethiopia. For this, the effect of eight temperature regimes (15, 20, 23, 25, 27, 30, 33 and 35[degree]C) on the bionomics of H. hampei was studied. Successful egg to adult development occurred between 20[long dash]30[degree]C. Using linear regression and a modified Logan model, the lower and upper thresholds for development were estimated at 14.9 and 32[degree]C, respectively. In Kenya and Colombia, the number of pest generations per year was considerably and positively correlated with the warming tolerance. Analysing 32 years of climatic data from Jimma (Ethiopia) revealed that before 1984 it was too cold for H. hampei to complete even one generation per year, but thereafter, because of rising temperatures in the area, 1[long dash]2 generations per year/coffee season could be completed. Calculated data on warming tolerance and thermal safety margins of H. hampei for the three East African locations showed considerably high variability compared to the Colombian site. The model indicates that for every 1uC rise in thermal optimum (Topt.), the maximum intrinsic rate of increase (rmax) will increase by an average of 8.5\%. The effects of climate change on the further range of H. hampei distribution and possible adaption strategies are discussed. Abstracts in Spanish and French are provided as supplementary material Abstract S1 and Abstract S2.},
	keywords = {Hypothenemus hampei},
	isbn = {1932-6203},
	url = {http://ukpmc.ac.uk/tocrender.cgi?iid=71880},
	author = {Jaramillo, Juliana and Chabi-Olaye, Adenirin and Kamonjo, Charles and Jaramillo, Alvaro and Vega, Fernando E. and Poehling, Hans-Michael and Borgemeister, Christian}
}
@article {5207,
	title = {New record for the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei, in Hawaii},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Science (Tucson)},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2011},
	month = {12 September},
	pages = {3pp.},
	abstract = {The coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is endemic to Africa and is the most devastating pest of coffee worldwide. The female bores a hole in the coffee berry and deposits her eggs inside. Upon hatching, larvae feed on the seeds, thus reducing both quality and yields of the marketable product. The coffee berry borer was found in the district of Kona on the island of Hawaii in August 2010 and appears to be restricted to that area.},
	keywords = {Hypothenemus hampei},
	isbn = {1536-2442},
	url = {http://www.insectscience.org/11.117/i1536-2442-11-117.pdf},
	author = {Burbano, Elsie and Wright, Mark and Bright, Donald E. and Vega, Fernando E.}
}
