@article {13301,
	title = {Population dynamics in changing environments: the case of an eruptive forest pest species},
	journal = {Biological Reviews (Cambridge)},
	volume = {87},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {34-51},
	abstract = {In recent decades we have seen rapid and co-occurring changes in landscape structure, species distributions and even climate as consequences of human activity. Such changes affect the dynamics of the interaction between major forest pest species, such as bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), and their host trees. Normally breeding mostly in broken or severely stressed spruce; at high population densities some bark beetle species can colonise and kill healthy trees on scales ranging from single trees in a stand to multi-annual landscape-wide outbreaks. In Eurasia, the largest outbreaks are caused by the spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus (Linnaeus), which is common and shares a wide distribution with its main host, Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.). A large literature is now available, from which this review aims to synthesize research relevant for the population dynamics of I. typographus and co-occurring species under changing conditions. We find that spruce bark beetle population dynamics tend to be metastable, but that mixed-species and age-heterogeneous forests with good site-matching tend to be less susceptible to large-scale outbreaks. While large accumulations of logs should be removed and/or debarked before the next swarming period, intensive removal of all coarse dead wood may be counterproductive, as it reduces the diversity of predators that in some areas may play a role in keeping I. typographus populations below the outbreak threshold, and sanitary logging frequently causes edge effects and root damage, reducing the resistance of remaining trees. It is very hard to predict the outcome of interspecific interactions due to invading beetle species or I. typographus establishing outside its current range, as they can be of varying sign and strength and may fluctuate depending on environmental factors and population phase. Most research indicates that beetle outbreaks will increase in frequency and magnitude as temperature, wind speed and precipitation variability increases, and that mitigating forestry practices should be adopted as soon as possible considering the time lags involved.},
	keywords = {Scolytinae},
	isbn = {1464-7931},
	author = {Kausrud, Kyrre and Okland, Bjorn and Skarpaas, Olav and Gregoire, Jean-Claude and Erbilgin, Nadir and Stenseth, Nils Chr}
}
@article {5521,
	title = {Trees Wanted-Dead or Alive! Host Selection and Population Dynamics in Tree-Killing Bark Beetles},
	journal = {Plos One},
	volume = {6},
	number = {5},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011},
	pages = {e18274, 1-13},
	abstract = {Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) feed and breed in dead or severely weakened host trees. When their population densities are high, some species aggregate on healthy host trees so that their defences may be exhausted and the inner bark successfully colonized, killing the tree in the process. Here we investigate under what conditions participating with unrelated conspecifics in risky mass attacks on living trees is an adaptive strategy, and what this can tell us about bark beetle outbreak dynamics. We find that the outcome of individual host selection may deviate from the ideal free distribution in a way that facilitates the emergence of tree-killing (aggressive) behavior, and that any heritability on traits governing aggressiveness seems likely to exist in a state of flux or cycles consistent with variability observed in natural populations. This may have implications for how economically and ecologically important species respond to environmental changes in climate and landscape (forest) structure. The population dynamics emerging from individual behavior are complex, capable of switching between {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}endemic{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}epidemic{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} regimes spontaneously or following changes in host availability or resistance. Model predictions are compared to empirical observations, and we identify some factors determining the occurrence and self-limitation of epidemics.},
	keywords = {Scolytinae},
	isbn = {1932-6203},
	url = {http://ukpmc.ac.uk/issues/116071/},
	author = {Kausrud, Kyrre L. and Gregoire, Jean-Claude and Skarpaas, Olav and Erbilgin, Nadir and Gilbert, Marius and Okland, Bjorn and Stenseth, Nils Chr}
}
