@article {12591,
	title = {Presence and Diversity of Streptomyces in Dendroctonus and Sympatric Bark Beetle Galleries Across North America},
	journal = {Microbial Ecology},
	volume = {61},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	month = {May},
	pages = {759-768},
	abstract = {Recent studies have revealed several examples of intimate associations between insects and Actinobacteria, including the Southern Pine Beetle Dendroctonus frontalis and the Spruce Beetle Dendroctonus rufipennis. Here, we surveyed Streptomyces Actinobacteria co-occurring with 10 species of Dendroctonus bark beetles across the United States, using both phylogenetic and community ecology approaches. From these 10 species, and 19 other scolytine beetles that occur in the same trees, we obtained 154 Streptomyces-like isolates and generated 16S sequences from 134 of those. Confirmed 16S sequences of Streptomyces were binned into 36 distinct strains using a threshold of 0.2\% sequence divergence. The 16S rDNA phylogeny of all isolates does not correlate with the distribution of strains among beetle species, localities, or parts of the beetles or their galleries. However, we identified three Streptomyces strains occurring repeatedly on Dendroctonus beetles and in their galleries. Identity of these isolates was corroborated using a house-keeping gene sequence (efTu). These strains are not confined to a certain species of beetle, locality, or part of the beetle or their galleries. However, their role as residents in the woodboring insect niche is supported by the repeated association of their 16S and efTu from across the continent, and also having been reported in studies of other subcortical insects.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus frontalis, Dendroctonus rufipennis},
	isbn = {0095-3628},
	author = {Hulcr, Jiri and Adams, Aaron S. and Raffa, Kenneth and Hofstetter, Richard W. and Klepzig, Kier D. and Currie, Cameron R.}
}
@article {10777,
	title = {Predicting County-Level Southern Pine Beetle Outbreaks From Neighborhood Patterns},
	journal = {Environmental Entomology},
	volume = {40},
	number = {2},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {273-280},
	abstract = {The southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is the most destructive insect in southern forests. States have kept county-level records on the locations of beetle outbreaks for the past 50 yr. This study determined how accurately patterns of county-level infestations in preceding years could predict infestation occurrence in the current year and if there were emergent patterns that correlated strongly with beetle outbreaks. A variety of methods were tested as infestation predictors, including quantification of either the exact locations of infested grid cells during one or two preceding years, or the neighborhood infestation intensity (number of infested cells in a neighborhood) in these years. The methods had similar predictive abilities, but the simpler methods performed somewhat better than the more complex ones. The factors most correlated with infestations in future years were infestation in the current year and the number of surrounding counties that were infested. Infestation history helped to predict the probability of future infestations in a region, but county-level patterns alone left much of the year-to-year variability unexplained.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus frontalis},
	isbn = {0046-225X},
	author = {Duehl, Adrian and Bishir, John and Hain, Fred P.}
}
@article {10778,
	title = {Southern pine beetle regional outbreaks modeled on landscape, climate and infestation history},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {261},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	month = {February 1},
	pages = {473-479},
	abstract = {The southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis, SPB) is the major insect pest of pine species in the southeastern United States. It attains outbreak population levels sufficient to mass attack host pines across the landscape at scales ranging from a single forest stand to interstate epidemics. This county level analysis selected and examined the best climatic and landscape variables for predicting infestations at regional scales. The analysis showed that, for a given county, the most important factor in predicting outbreaks was that the county was classified as in outbreak status in the previous year. Other important factors included minimum winter temperature and the greatest difference between the average of daily minimums and a subsequent low temperature point, precipitation history either seasonally in the previous year or difference from average over the previous 2 years, the synchronizing effect of seasonal temperatures on beetle populations and the relative percentage of total forest area composed of host species. The statistical models showed that climatic variables are stronger indicators of outbreak likelihood than landscape structure and cover variables. Average climatic conditions were more likely to lead to outbreaks than extreme conditions, supporting the notion of coupling between a native insect and its native host. Still, some extreme events (i.e., periods of very low temperature or very high precipitation) did precede beetle infestation. This analysis suggested that there are predisposing and inciting factors at the large scale but the driving factors leading to individual infestations operate at smaller scales.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus frontalis},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Duehl, Adrian J. and Koch, Frank H. and Hain, Fred P.}
}
@article {9393,
	title = {Population Dynamics of Southern Pine Beetle in Forest Landscapes},
	journal = {U S Forest Service General Technical Report SRS},
	volume = {140},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011},
	pages = {91-108},
	abstract = {Southern pine beetle (SPB) is an important pest of Southeastern United States pine forests. Periodic regional outbreaks are characterized by localized areas of tree mortality (infestations) surrounded by areas with little or no damage. Ultimately, this spatiotemporal pattern of tree mortality is driven by the dynamics of SPB populations[long dash]more specifically, by rates of survival, reproduction, development, and dispersal. In turn these rates are driven by the interaction between SPB and its hosts, predators, and climate. In this chapter, the relationship between these factors and SPB population ecology are discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on mechanisms that could explain the temporal changes of the population from outbreak to nonoutbreak phases, the dispersal of SPB across a complex forest landscape, and the importance of interpreting the environment using current knowledge of SPB ecology.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus frontalis},
	author = {Birt, Andrew}
}
@article {9394,
	title = {Regional Population Dynamics},
	journal = {U S Forest Service General Technical Report SRS},
	volume = {140},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011},
	pages = {109-128},
	abstract = {The population dynamics of the southern pine beetle (SPB) exhibit characteristic fluctuations between relatively long endemic and shorter outbreak periods. Populations exhibit complex and hierarchical spatial structure with beetles and larvae aggregating within individual trees, infestations with multiple infested trees, and regional outbreaks that comprise a large number of spatially distinct infestations. Every year at least some part of the Southern United States experiences outbreaks, and the large and unpredictable timber losses associated with these make the SPB the most important pest of southern tbrests. This chapter reviews the mechanisms that may drive SPB populations at a regional scale. More specifically, it focuses on the initiation and decline of{\textquoteright} outbreaks, the patterns of damage within them, and the utility of this knowledge for managing the SPB.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus frontalis},
	author = {Birt, Andrew}
}
