@article {11985,
	title = {Evaluation of multiple funnel traps and stand characteristics for estimating western pine beetle-caused tree mortality},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology},
	volume = {102},
	number = {6},
	year = {2009},
	month = {December},
	pages = {2170-2182},
	abstract = {The western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), is a major cause of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws., mortality in much of western North America. This study was designed to quantify relationships between western pine beetle trap catches (including those of its primary invertebrate predator Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim) (Coleoptera: Trogositidae)), and levels of tree mortality attributed to western pine beetle at 44 trapping sites (stands) and within five general locations (forests) in California. Furthermore, we evaluated relationships between forest stand characteristics and levels of western pine beetle-caused tree mortality. Preliminary analyses were conducted by Pearson{\textquoteright}s correlation coefficient (r) using tree mortality per hectare and percentage of tree mortality and 10 potential predictor variables. All predictor variables that had significant correlations (western pine beetle per day, western pine beetle: T. chlorodia, percentage of western pine beetle (percentage of total trap catch represented by western pine beetle), trees per hectare, basal area of all tree species, basal area of P. ponderosa, mean diameter at breast height (dbh) and stand density index) were considered for linear and multiple linear regression models for predicting levels of western pine beetle-caused tree mortality. Our results suggest monitoring western pine beetle populations through the use of pheromone-baited multiple funnel traps is not air effective means of predicting levels of western pine beetle-caused tree mortality. However, levels of western pine beetle-caused tree mortality can be efficiently predicted (adjusted R2>0.90) at large spatial scales (forests; [approximately equal]3,000-14,000 ha of contiguous host) by simply measuring stand density, specifically the basal area of all tree species or stand density index. The implications of these results to forest management are discussed.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus brevicomis},
	isbn = {0022-0493},
	author = {Hayes, Christopher J. and Fettig, Christopher J. and Merrill, Laura D.}
}
@article {10974,
	title = {Responses of Dendroctonus brevicomis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Behavioral Assays: Implications to Development of a Semiochemical-Based Tool for Tree Protection},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology},
	volume = {105},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {149-160},
	abstract = {Currently, techniques for managing western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), infestations are limited to tree removals (thinning) that reduce stand density and presumably host susceptibility, and/or the use of insecticides to protect individual trees. There continues to be significant interest in developing an effective semiochemical-based tool for protecting trees from D. brevicomis attack, largely as an alternative to conventional insecticides. The responses of D. brevicomis to tree volatiles and verbenone were documented in eight experiments (trapping assays) conducted over a 4-yr period in which 88,942 individuals were collected. Geraniol, a tree volatile unique to Pinus ponderosa that elicits female-specific antennal responses in D. brevicomis, did not affect D. brevicomis behavior. Blends of two green leaf alcohols (hexanol + (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol) tested at two release rates (5.0 and 100.0 mg/d) had no effect on the response of D. brevicomis to attractant-baited traps. A nine-component blend ( benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, guaiacol, nonanal, salicylaldehyde, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol, and (-)-verbenone; NAVV) and subsequent revisions of this blend disrupted the response of D. brevicomis to attractant-baited traps in all experiments. The inhibitory effect of a revised five-component blend (nonanal, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol, and (-)-verbenone; NAVV5) on the response of mountain pine beetle, D. ponderosae Hopkins, to attractant-baited traps was also documented. Acetophenone significantly reduced D. brevicomis attraction, but was not as effective as verbenone alone. Acetophenone increased the effectiveness of NAVV5 in one of two experiments. Furthermore, by adding acetophenone to NAVV5 we were able to remove the aldehydes from NAVV5 without compromising effectiveness, resulting in a novel four-component blend ( acetophenone, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol + (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol, and (-)-verbenone; Verbenone Plus). We discuss the implications of these and other results to development of Verbenone Plus as a semiochemical-based tool for management of D. brevicomis and D. ponderosae infestations.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus brevicomis},
	isbn = {0022-0493},
	author = {Fettig, Christopher J. and McKelvey, Stephen R. and Dabney, Christopher P. and Huber, Dezene P. W.}
}
@article {10972,
	title = {The response of Dendroctonus valens and Temnochila chlorodia to Ips paraconfusus pheromone components and verbenone},
	journal = {Canadian Entomologist},
	volume = {139},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	month = {January-February},
	pages = {141-145},
	abstract = {The red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens LeConte, 1860 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), is a common bark beetle found throughout much of North America and China. In 2004, we observed that attack densities of the California fivespined ips, Ips paraconfusus Lanier, 1970 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), in logging debris were inversely related to D. valens attacks on freshly cut stumps, which led to the demonstration that components of the aggregation pheromone of I. paraconfusus inhibited the response of D. valens to attractant-baited traps. In this study, we test the response of D. valens and Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim, 1843) (Coleoptera: Trogositidae), a common bark beetle predator, to racemic ipsenol, racemic ipsdienol, and (-)-cis-verbenol (IPSR) in the presence and absence of two release rates of (-)-verbenone. The addition of a relatively low release rate of (-)-verbenone (4 mg/24 h) to attractant-baited traps did not affect catch and had no significant effect on the response of D. valens to IPSR. IPSR significantly reduced D. valens attraction to baited traps. The addition of high release rates of (-)-verbenone (50 mg/24 h) to IPSR significantly increased inhibition; however, the effect was not significantly different from that observed with (-)-verbenone alone (50 mg/24 h). Temnochila chlorodia was attracted to traps baited with (-)-[beta]-pinene, (+)-3-carene, and (+)-[alpha]-pinene. The addition of (-)-verbenone (50 mg/24 h) significantly increased attraction. Traps baited with IPSR caught significantly more T chlorodia than those baited with (-)-verbenone. Few other beetles were collected. We are hopeful that these results will help facilitate the development of an effective tool for protecting Pinus spp. from D. valens infestations},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus valens},
	isbn = {0008-347X},
	author = {Fettig, Christopher J. and McKelvey, Stephen R. and Dabney, Christopher P. and Borys, Roberty R.}
}
@article {10969,
	title = {Blacks mountain experimental forest: bark beetle responses to differences in forest structure and the application of prescribed fire in interior ponderosa pine},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	volume = {38},
	number = {5},
	year = {2008},
	month = {May},
	pages = {924-935},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Mechanical thinning and the application of prescribed fire are commonly used tools in the restoration of fire-adapted forest ecosystems. However, few studies have explored their effects on subsequent amounts of bark beetle caused tree mortality in interior ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. \& C. Laws. var. ponderosa. In this study, we examined bark beetle responses to creation of midseral (low diversity) and late-seral stages (high diversity) and the application of prescribed fire on 12 experimental units ranging in size from 76 to 136 ha. A total of 9500 (5.0\% of all trees) Pinus and Abies trees died 2 years after treatment of which 28.8\% (2733 trees) was attributed to bark beetle colonization. No significant difference in the mean percentage of trees colonized by bark beetles was found between low diversity and high diversity. The application of prescribed fire resulted in significant increases in bark beetle caused tree mortality (all species) and for western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, Ips spp., and fir engraver, Scolytus ventralis LeConte, individually. Approximately 85.6\% (2339 trees) of all bark beetle caused tree mortality occurred on burned split plots. The implications of these and other results to sustainable forest management are discussed.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus brevicornis, Dendroctonus ponderosae, Ips, Scolytus ventralis},
	isbn = {0045-5067},
	author = {Fettig, Christopher J. and Borys, Robert R. and McKelvey, Stephen R. and Dabney, Christopher P.}
}
@article {9361,
	title = {Climate Change and Bark Beetles of the Western United States and Canada: Direct and Indirect Effects},
	journal = {Bioscience},
	volume = {60},
	number = {8},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Sep 10},
	pages = {602-613},
	abstract = {Climatic changes are predicted to significantly affect the frequency and severity of disturbances that shape forest ecosystems. We provide a synthesis of climate change effects on native bark beetles, important mortality agents of conifers in western North America. Because of differences in temperature-dependent life-history strategies, including cold-induced mortality and developmental timing, responses to warming will differ among and within bark beetle species. The success of bark beetle populations will also be influenced indirectly by the effects of climate on community associates and host-tree vigor, although little information is available to quantify these relationships. We used available population models and climate forecasts to explore the responses of two eruptive bark beetle species. Based on projected warming, increases in thermal regimes conducive to population success are predicted for Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) and Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, although there is considerable spatial and temporal variability. These predictions from population models suggest a movement of temperature suitability to higher latitudes and elevations and identify regions with a high potential for bark beetle outbreaks and associated tree mortality in the coming century.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus rufipennis},
	isbn = {0006-3568},
	author = {Bentz, Barbara J. and Regniere, Jacques and Fettig, Christopher J. and Hansen, E. Matthew and Hayes, Jane L. and Hicke, Jeffrey A. and Kelsey, Rick G. and Negron, Jose F. and Seybold, Steven J.}
}
