@article {6010,
	title = {Analysis of Wolbachia Strains Associated With Conotrachelus nenuphar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Eastern United States},
	journal = {Environmental Entomology},
	volume = {39},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	month = {April},
	pages = {396-405},
	abstract = {We studied the distribution patterns of Wolbachia infection associated with plum curculio strains in eight states of the eastern United States. The presence of the Wolbachia-specific gene wsp identified infections of this endosymbiont in 97.8\% of the 93 samples tested. Three distinct Wolbachia strains were identified. The strains wCnel (593 bp) and wCne2 (593 bp) were 97\% identical, and their sequences were both 84\% identical with wCne3 (590 bp). BLASTN searches through GenBank showed strong similarities between the wsp sequences of the three strains compared with Wolbachia sequenced from other hosts. Degree of similarity with sequences in other Wolbachia strains is discussed. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used for superinfection detection. Of 93 samples, 15 (16.1\%), 21 (22.6\%), 19 (20.4\%), and 36 (38.7\%) samples were infected by wCnel, wCne2, wCnel + 2, and wCne3, respectively. Only two (2.2\%) samples had no infection. The wCne3 strain was always present as a single infection. Wolbachia strains approximate the distribution of plum curculio strains: northern strain infected with wCnel and wCne2 strains in supergroup B, and southern strain infected with wCne3 strain in supergroup A, with the mid-Atlantic region as the convergence area. Based on haplotype distribution of plum curculio mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I, there was a closer relation of the mid-southern plum curculio clade to the far-southern clade than to the northern clade. However, Wolbachia symbionts in mid-southern plum curculio are more closely related to those in northern plum curculio than to those in far-southern plum curculio. The relationship of Wolbachia infection with reproductive incompatibility between plum curculio populations was also discussed.},
	keywords = {Conotrachelus nenuphar},
	isbn = {0046-225X},
	author = {Zhang, Xing and Luckhart, Shirley and Tu, Zhijian and Pfeiffer, Douglas G.}
}
@article {6008,
	title = {Genetic diversity of plum curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) among geographical populations in the eastern United States},
	journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America},
	volume = {101},
	number = {5},
	year = {2008},
	month = {September},
	pages = {823-832},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {This study investigated the genetic diversity among plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), populations from 11 different geographic locations by using partial sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) gene. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were 863 bp. In total, 23 unique haplotypes were identified from 50 tested samples. Haplotypes G (n = 5), L (n =12), and T (n = 13) made up 60\% of the 50 samples. Two distinct major clades were found in the phylogenetic analyses. Northern and southern clades were strongly supported (100/83 (MP/ ML) and 100/62, respectively) by bootstraps. The mid-southern subclade within the southern clade was also moderately supported by bootstraps (73/57, MP/ML). The results of analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) are consistent with phylogenetic analysis. The results suggested that the northern and the southern clades correspond with northern strain and southern strain of plum curculio. The three-group model of AMOVA test may suggest that there is a transitional group existing between northern and southern groups. In this study, the mtCOI sequence was highly informative as a molecular marker in that it could distinguish C. nenuphar from northern and southern geographic locations in the eastern United States.},
	keywords = {Conotrachelus nenuphar},
	isbn = {0013-8746},
	author = {Zhang, Xing and Tu, Zhijian and Luckhart, Shirley and Pfeiffer, Douglas G.}
}
