@article {15145,
	title = {The role of vision in the host orientation behaviour of Hylobius warreni},
	journal = {Agricultural and Forest Entomology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {3},
	year = {2012},
	month = {August},
	pages = {286-294},
	abstract = {1 Visual stimuli, often in combination with olfactory stimuli, are frequently important components of host selection by forest-dwelling phytophagous insects. 2 Warren root collar weevil Hylobius warreni Wood (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a native insect in western Canada, where larvae feed primarily on lodgepole pine Pinus contorta and can girdle and kill young trees. This weevil is an emerging problem in areas heavily impacted by mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins. 3 No olfactory attractants have been identified for this insect, making monitoring and management difficult. Thus, we investigated the role of vision in the host-finding behaviour of Warren root collar weevil in the absence of known olfactory cues. 4 We conducted three experiments in field enclosure plots aiming to characterize aspects of host-finding behaviour by adult Warren root collar weevil. 5 We found that both male and female weevils were readily attracted to vertical plastic silhouettes in the shape of a trunk, crown or tree at distances of less than 4 m. This pattern of attraction persisted over 2 years in two slightly different study designs. Blinding the insects removed their ability to orient to these silhouettes, indicating that host-finding behaviour has a strong visual component. The use of different colour trunks and crowns (black, white and green) did not change the patterns of attraction of the insects to the silhouettes. 6 Exploiting visual attraction in this walking insect may present a new management tool in forest protection strategies.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	isbn = {1461-9555},
	author = {Machial, Laura A. and B.S. Lindgren and Aukema, Brian H.}
}
@article {14329,
	title = {The role of vision in the host orientation behaviour of Hylobius warreni},
	journal = {Agricultural and Forest Entomology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {3},
	year = {2012},
	month = {August},
	pages = {286-294},
	abstract = {1 Visual stimuli, often in combination with olfactory stimuli, are frequently important components of host selection by forest-dwelling phytophagous insects. 2 Warren root collar weevil Hylobius warreni Wood (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a native insect in western Canada, where larvae feed primarily on lodgepole pine Pinus contorta and can girdle and kill young trees. This weevil is an emerging problem in areas heavily impacted by mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins. 3 No olfactory attractants have been identified for this insect, making monitoring and management difficult. Thus, we investigated the role of vision in the host-finding behaviour of Warren root collar weevil in the absence of known olfactory cues. 4 We conducted three experiments in field enclosure plots aiming to characterize aspects of host-finding behaviour by adult Warren root collar weevil. 5 We found that both male and female weevils were readily attracted to vertical plastic silhouettes in the shape of a trunk, crown or tree at distances of less than 4 m. This pattern of attraction persisted over 2 years in two slightly different study designs. Blinding the insects removed their ability to orient to these silhouettes, indicating that host-finding behaviour has a strong visual component. The use of different colour trunks and crowns (black, white and green) did not change the patterns of attraction of the insects to the silhouettes. 6 Exploiting visual attraction in this walking insect may present a new management tool in forest protection strategies.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	isbn = {1461-9555},
	author = {Machial, Laura A. and B.S. Lindgren and Aukema, Brian H.}
}
@article {12583,
	title = {Successful colonization, reproduction, and new generation emergence in live interior hybrid spruce Picea engelmannii x glauca by mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	journal = {Agricultural and Forest Entomology},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	month = {February},
	pages = {83-89},
	abstract = {1 Although mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins are able to utilize most available Pinus spp. as hosts, successful colonization and reproduction in other hosts within the Pinaceae is rare.2 We observed successful reproduction of mountain pine beetle and emergence of new generation adults from interior hybrid spruce Picea engelmannii x glauca and compared a number of parameters related to colonization and reproductive success in spruce with nearby lodgepole pine Pinus contorta infested by mountain pine beetle.3 The results obtained indicate that reduced competition in spruce allowed mountain pine beetle parents that survived the colonization process to produce more offspring per pair than in more heavily-infested nearby pine.4 We also conducted an experiment in which 20 spruce and 20 lodgepole pines were baited with the aggregation pheromone of mountain pine beetle. Nineteen pines (95\%) and eight spruce (40\%) were attacked by mountain pine beetle, with eight (40\%) and three (15\%) mass-attacked, respectively.5 Successful attacks on nonhost trees during extreme epidemics may be one mechanism by which host shifts and subsequent speciation events have occurred in Dendroctonus spp. bark beetles.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	isbn = {1461-9555},
	author = {Huber, Dezene P. W. and Aukema, Brian H. and Hodgkinson, Robert S. and B.S. Lindgren}
}
@article {10617,
	title = {Incoming! Association of landscape features with dispersing mountain pine beetle populations during a range expansion event in western Canada},
	journal = {Landscape Ecology},
	volume = {26},
	number = {8},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {1097-1110},
	abstract = {Mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), is a forest insect that undergoes intermittent population eruptions, causing landscape-level mortality to mature pines. Currently, an outbreak covers over 16.3 million ha of British Columbia and Alberta in western Canada. Recent incursion into the jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) of northwestern Alberta threatens further range expansion through the boreal forest to central and eastern Canada. The spread from British Columbia into northwestern Alberta has been facilitated by above-canopy dispersal of the insect by meso-scale atmospheric currents. At these scales, dispersing D. ponderosae may behave like inert particles, causing terrain-induced tropospheric convective and advective currents to influence population dispersal and establishment. We use spatial point process regression models to examine the association of meso-scale variables, including landscape features and their orientations, habitat suitability, elevation and treatment efforts, with occurrence of D. ponderosae infestations in 2004, 2005, and 2006. Infestations of D. ponderosae primarily established in canyons and valleys, before moving into more open-sloped areas. Southwestern slopes of midslope ridges and small hills, southwest facing open slopes, and valleys that run in a northeast-southwest cardinal direction were positively associated with higher intensities of infestation. This study provides insight into the influences of complex terrain on landscape disturbance by a forest insect, and can be used to prioritize areas for potential management.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	isbn = {0921-2973},
	author = {de la Giroday, Honey-Marie C. and Carroll, Allan L. and B.S. Lindgren and Aukema, Brian H.}
}
@article {10616,
	title = {Breach of the northern Rocky Mountain geoclimatic barrier: initiation of range expansion by the mountain pine beetle},
	journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
	volume = {39},
	number = {6},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {1112-1123},
	abstract = {Aim Our aim is to examine the historical breach of the geoclimatic barrier of the Rocky Mountains by the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins). This recent range expansion from west of the North American continental divide into the eastern boreal forest threatens to provide a conduit to naive pine hosts in eastern North America. We examine the initial expansion events and determine potential mechanism(s) of spread by comparing spread patterns in consecutive years to various dispersal hypotheses such as: (1) meso-scale atmospheric dispersal of insects from source populations south-west of the Rocky Mountains in British Columbia (i.e. their historical range), (2) anthropogenic transport of infested plant material, and (3) spread of insect populations across adjacent stands via corridors of suitable habitat. Location British Columbia, Canada. Methods We explore potential mechanism(s) of invasion of the mountain pine beetle using spatial point process models for the initial 3 years of landscape-level data collection, 2004-2006. Specifically, we examine observed patterns of infestation relative to covariates reflecting various dispersal hypotheses. We select the most parsimonious models for each of the initial 3 years of invasion using information criteria statistics. Results The initial range expansion and invasion of the beetle was characterized by aerial deposition along a strong north-west to south-east gradient, with additional aerial deposition and localized dispersal from persisting populations in following years. Main conclusions Following deposition of a wave front of mountain pine beetles parallel to the Rocky Mountains via meso-scale atmospheric dispersal, the areas of highest intensity of infestations advanced up to 25 km north-east towards jack pine (Pinus banksiana) habitat in a single year. There appeared to be no association between putative anthropogenic movement of infested materials and initial range expansion of the mountain pine beetle across the continental divide.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	isbn = {0305-0270},
	author = {de la Giroday, Honey-Marie C. and Carroll, Allan L. and Aukema, Brian H.}
}
@article {9446,
	title = {Efficacy of tree defense physiology varies with bark beetle population density: a basis for positive feedback in eruptive species},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	volume = {41},
	number = {6},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {1174-1188},
	abstract = {We evaluated the ability of constitutive and inducible defenses to protect trees and restrict herbivore reproduction across the endemic, incipient (i.e., transitory), and eruptive phases of a native bark beetle species. Host defenses were major constraints when mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) populations were low, but inconsequential after stand-level densities surpassed a critical threshold. We annually examined all lodgepole pines (Pinus contorta Douglas var. latifolia) in six 12-18 ha stands for 3-6 years for beetle attack and establishment as beetle densities progressed through various population phases. We also assayed a suite of tree physiological and chemical attributes and related them to subsequent attacks during that year. Rapidly inducible defenses appeared more important than constitutive defenses, and total monoterpenes were more important than particular constituents. Trees that exude more resin and accumulate higher monoterpene concentrations in response to simulated attack largely escaped natural attacks when populations were low. In stands where beetles had reached incipient densities, these defenses were ineffective. Larger diameter trees had more pronounced defenses than smaller diameter trees. As populations increased, beetles selected increasingly larger, more resource-rich trees, despite their better defenses. When populations were too low for cooperative attack, beetles exploited trees weakened by lower-stem insects. Behavioral plasticity allows beetles to persist at endemic levels until conditions shift, after which positive feedbacks predominate.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	isbn = {0045-5067},
	author = {Boone, Celia K. and Aukema, Brian H. and Bohlmann, Joerg and Carroll, Allan L. and Raffa, Kenneth F.}
}
@article {9113,
	title = {Movement of outbreak populations of mountain pine beetle: influences of spatiotemporal patterns and climate},
	journal = {Ecography},
	volume = {31},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	month = {June},
	pages = {348-358},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Insect outbreaks exert landscape-level influences, yet quantifying the relative contributions of various exogenous and endogenous factors that contribute to their pattern and spread remains elusive. We examine an outbreak of mountain pine beetle covering an 800 thousand ha area on the Chilcotin Plateau of British Columbia, Canada, during the 1970s and early 1980s. We present a model that incorporates the spatial and temporal arrangements of outbreaking insect populations, as well as various climatic factors that influence insect development. Onsets of eruptions of mountain pine beetle demonstrated landscape-level synchrony. On average, the presence of outbreaking populations was highly correlated with outbreaking populations within the nearest 18 km the same year and local populations within 6 km in the previous two years. After incorporating these spatial and temporal dependencies, we found that increasing temperatures contributed to explaining outbreak probabilities during this 15 yr outbreak. During collapse years, landscape-level synchrony declined while local synchrony values remained high, suggesting that in some areas host depletion was contributing to population decline. Model forecasts of outbreak propensity one year in advance at a 12 by 12 km scale provided 80\% accuracy over the landscape, and never underestimated the occurrence of locally outbreaking populations. This model provides a flexible approach for linking temperature and insect population dynamics to spatial spread, and complements existing decision support tools for resource managers.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	isbn = {0906-7590},
	author = {Aukema, Brian H. and Carroll, Allan L. and Zheng, Yanbing and Zhu, Jun and Raffa, Kenneth F. and Moore, R. Dan and Stahl, Kerstin and Taylor, Stephen W.}
}
@article {5964,
	title = {Autologistic regression analysis of spatial-temporal binary data via Monte Carlo maximum likelihood},
	journal = {Journal of Agricultural Biological and Environmental Statistics},
	volume = {13},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	month = {March},
	pages = {84-98},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {This article considers logistic regression analysis of binary data that are measured on a spatial lattice and repeatedly over discrete time points. We propose a spatial-temporal autologistic regression model and draw statistical inference via maximum likelihood. Due to an unknown normalizing constant in the likelihood function, we use Monte Carlo to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of the model parameters and predictive distributions at future time points. We also use path sampling to estimate the unknown normalizing constant and approximate an information criterion for model assessment. The methodology is illustrated by the analysis of a dataset of mountain pine beetle outbreaks in western Canada.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus ponderosae},
	isbn = {1085-7117},
	author = {Zhu, Jun and Zheng, Yanbing and Carroll, Allan L. and Aukema, Brian H.}
}
