@article {13368,
	title = {The most ancient bark beetle known: a new tribe, genus and species from Lebanese amber (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae)},
	journal = {Systematic Entomology},
	volume = {34},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	month = {January},
	pages = {101-112},
	abstract = {Cylindrobrotus pectinatus gen. et sp.n., a new scolytine species from Cretaceous Lebanese amber, is described. A new tribe, Cylindrobrotini trib.n., is proposed for this unique species, which demonstrates an unusual combination of some archaic and many advanced characters. This finding suggests that the Scolytinae became a distinct lineage of Curculionoidea from the Lower Cretaceous. Fossil records are reviewed, and some remarks on the origin and taxonomic position of bark and ambrosia beetles are made. Some comments on the various phylogenetic interpretations of the last 30 years are given, particularly in respect of their correspondence with the fossil record. The early appearance of Scolytinae in the fossil record before other Curculionidae (which appeared in the Upper Cretaceous) can be used as evidence against the hypothesis of bark beetles as offspring of weevils. The question of the taxonomic rank of bark beetles (separate subfamily or family) and their placement among other groups of the superfamily remains unsolved.},
	keywords = {Cylindrobrotus pectinatus},
	isbn = {0307-6970},
	author = {Kirejtshuk, Alexander G. and Azar, Dany and Beaver, Roger A. and Mandelshtam, Mikhail Yu and Nel, Andre}
}
@article {12625,
	title = {Cladistic review of generic taxonomic characters in Xyleborina (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)},
	journal = {Systematic Entomology},
	volume = {32},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	month = {July},
	pages = {568-584},
	abstract = {A cladistic analysis of morphological characters of the subtribe Xyleborina (Curculionidae, Scolytinae) is presented. An examination of individual characters revealed little phylogenetic information in many characters currently used for delimiting genera. Phylogenetically stable characters were used for the evaluation of the contemporary generic concept. The following genera have been recovered as monophyletic: Cnestus, Dryocoetoides, Eccoptopterus, Xylosandrus, Schedlia, Sampsonius and Taurodemus. The following genera have been found to be polyphyletic: Amasa, Ambrosiodmus, Arixyleborus, Coptoborus, Coptodryas, Cryptoxyleborus, Cyclorhipidion, Euwallacea, Leptoxyleborus, Taphrodasus, Theoborus, Webbia, Xyleborinus and Xyleborus. The analysis permitted the resurrection of four genera: Anisandrus, Microperus, Pseudowebbia and Streptocranus. A number of new combinations at specific level are given: Anisandrus cornutus (Schaufuss, 1891), A. dispar (Fabricius, 1792), A. eggersi (Beeson, 1930), A. improbus (Sampson, 1913), A. longidens (Eggers, 1930), A. maiche Stark, 1936, A. obesus (LeConte, 1868), A. sayi Hopkins, 1915, A. apicalis (Blandford, 1894), A. hirtus (Hagedorn, 1904), Microperus myristicae (Schedl, 1939), M. eucalypticus (Schedl, 1938), M. huangi (Browne, 1983), M. intermedius (Eggers, 1923), M. kadoyamaensis (Murayama, 1934), Pseudowebbia armifer (Schedl, 1942), P. seriata Browne, 1963, P. squamatilis (Schedl, 1955), P. trepanicauda (Eggers, 1923), P. curvatus (Browne, 1986), Streptocranus bicolor Browne, 1949, S. bicuspis (Eggers, 1940), S. capucinulus (Schedl, 1942), S. forficatus (Schedl, 1957), S. fragilis Browne, 1949, S. longicauda Browne, 1960, S. longispinis Browne, 1986, S. mirabilis Schedl, 1939, S. usagaricus (Eggers, 1922), S. sexdentatus (Eggers, 1940). The characters most useful for generic-level taxonomy of Xyleborina were identified and their states refined and illustrated. An accompanying illustrated multiple-entry electronic key for the updated xyleborine classification has been published on-line at www.scolytid.msu.edu.},
	keywords = {Amasa, Ambrosiodmus, Anisandrus, Anisandrus  dispar, Anisandrus apicalis, Anisandrus eggersi, Anisandrus hirtus, Anisandrus improbus, Anisandrus longidens, Anisandrus maiche, Anisandrus obesus, Anisandrus sayi, Arixyleborus, Cnestus, Coptoborus, Coptodryas, Cryptoxyleborus, Cyclorhipidion, Dryocoetoides, Eccoptopterus, Euwallacea, Leptoxyleborus, Microperus, Microperus eucalypticus, Microperus huangi, Microperus intermedius, Microperus kadoyamaensis, Microperus myristicae, Pseudowebbia, Pseudowebbia armifer, Pseudowebbia curvatus, Pseudowebbia seriata, Pseudowebbia squamatilis, Pseudowebbia trepanicauda, Sampsonius, Schedlia, Streptocranus, Streptocranus bicolor, Streptocranus bicuspis, Streptocranus capucinulus, Streptocranus forficatus, Streptocranus fragilis, Streptocranus longicauda, Streptocranus longispinis, Streptocranus mirabilis, Streptocranus sexdentatus, Streptocranus usagaricus, Taphrodasus, Taurodemus, Theoborus, Webbia, Xyleborina, Xyleborinus, Xyleborus, Xylosandrus},
	isbn = {0307-6970},
	author = {Hulcr, Jiri and Dole, Stephanie A. and Beaver, Roger A. and Cognato, Anthony I.}
}
@article {10074,
	title = {100 million years of morphological conservation in bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)},
	journal = {Systematic Entomology},
	volume = {34},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	month = {January},
	pages = {93-100},
	abstract = {Scolytine weevils (bark and ambrosia beetles) have a unique ecological significance in forest ecosystems, which equates to major effects on landscape ecology and to monetary losses. Fossilized galleries of scolytines have been reported in Late Mesozoic wood, but here we describe a well-preserved body fossil from the Cretaceous, c. 100 Ma, preserved in amber from northern Myanmar. Moreover, the specimen is remarkably similar to Recent species of the genus Microborus, revealing stasis unexpected within scolytines and thus highlighting the antiquity of the group. Stratigraphic dating and comparison of insect palaeofaunas included in other well-dated ambers from multiple sites support the age estimate of the Burmese amber. A minimum age for one clade of scolytines is thus established, indicating an early divergence of scolytines from other weevils in the Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous and challenging the current perspective of weevil evolution.},
	keywords = {Scolytinae},
	isbn = {0307-6970},
	author = {Cognato, Anthony I. and Grimaldi, David}
}
@article {5709,
	title = {Towards a phylogenetic system of derelomine flower weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)},
	journal = {Systematic Entomology},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2006},
	note = {ORIG-Title-Journal-Volume-Combination: Towards a phylogenetic system of derelomine flower weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Systematic Entomology 31},
	pages = {220-287},
	abstract = {A revised phylogenetic classification for derelomine flower weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Curculioninae: Derelomini Lacordaire) is proposed,based on a cladistic analysis of 115 outgroup and ingroup taxa and 155 primarily morphological characters. The single most-parsimonious cladogram(length {\textonequarter} 271, consistency index {\textonequarter} 65, retention index {\textonequarter} 95) indicates that several genera must be excluded from the tribe, as they lack certain modifications of the mouthparts and a primary reproductive association with the inflorescences of palms. These include Araucarietus Kuschel, Eisingius Kuschel, and Planus Kuschel, new placements (now all Trypetidini); Euryscapoides Wibmer \& O{\textquoteright}Brien, new placement (Curculioninae incertae sedis); Neopsilorhinus Bovie, new placement (Erirhinidae: Erirhinini); and Pedetinus Faust, new placement (Eugnomini). Five subtribes are recognized within Derelomini. The oldest African and South American Derelomina have a carinate rostrum and lamellate dorsal scales. Grasidius Champion (previously Erirhinini) and Terires Champion (Storeini) are placed therein, new placements. Neoderelomus Hoffmann is nested within Derelomus Schoenherr, syn.n., and its only species is therefore renamed as D. piriformis (Hoffmann), comb.n. The predominantly Asian Acalyptina are reduced from tribal status, stat.n., to now be part of Derelomini, new placement. They are defined (inter alia) by truncate elytra. They also contain Eudela Pascoe and Eudelodes Zimmermann, new placements (previously Curculioninae incertae sedis). The New World Notolomina, subtr.n., are distinguished by bifurcate maxillary lacinial teeth and other mouthpart characters. Andranthobius mariahelenae (Bondar) (formerly Derelomus), comb.n., is added to this entity. Phyllotrogina, subtr.n., are a very diverse and mostly Neotropical lineage. They have two-segmented maxillary palps, a densely pubescent prosternum, and long macrosetae along the basal fifth of the posterior wing margin. Within the subtribe there are independent transitions to host plant associations with various dicots (Phyllotrox Schoenherr), Cyclanthaceae (e.g. Perelleschus Wibmer \& O{\textquoteright}Brien and Systenotelus Anderson \& Go{\textasciiacute} mez), and Araceae (Cyclanthura Franz). Their life history traits show related changes, including losses of the ability to pollinate, and more detrimental (herbivorous, seed-predating) larval developments (e.g. Cotithene Voss). Phyllotrox tatianae (Bondar) (formerly Derelomus), comb.n., is assigned to Phyllotrogina. Hypoleschus Fall is nested within Phyllotrox, syn.n., and thereby the latter now contains P. atratus (Fall), comb.n. The Central American palm-associated Androtrox Franz, gen.n., is proposed to accommodate A. megalops (Champion) (formerly Phyllotrox), comb.n., a species with large contiguous eyes and a set of mouthpart attributes convergently present in Andranthobius Kuschel (Notolomina) and Phyllotrox. The Neotropical Staminodeina, subtr.n., with a labial prementum with two triangular projections and a large anal lobe on the wing, probably represent a young clade of weevils specialized to oviposit into the ephemeral staminodes of Cyclanthaceae inflorescences. The apparent phylogenetic sequence of the subtribes is (Derelomina ((Acalyptina, Staminodeina) (Notolomina, Phyllotrogina))), with a Juanorhinini{\textendash}Trypetidini clade as the most immediate outgroup, followed by various curculionine lineages. The revised system thus improves the taxonomy of derelomine weevils, and clarifies our understanding of their roles in the evolution of several tropical plant lineages {\textendash} palms and cyclanths in particular.},
	url = {http://academic.uprm.edu/\%7Efranz/publications/DerelominePhylogeny.pdf},
	author = {Franz, N. M.}
}
@article {5710,
	title = {Towards a phylogenetic system of derelomine flower weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).},
	journal = {Systematic Entomology},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2006},
	note = {ORIG-Title-Journal-Volume-Combination:  Towards a phylogenetic system of derelomine flower weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Systematic Entomology 31},
	pages = {220-287},
	abstract = {A revised phylogenetic classification for derelomine flower weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Curculioninae: Derelomini Lacordaire) is proposed,based on a cladistic analysis of 115 outgroup and ingroup taxa and 155 primarily morphological characters. The single most-parsimonious cladogram(length {\textonequarter} 271, consistency index {\textonequarter} 65, retention index {\textonequarter} 95) indicates that several genera must be excluded from the tribe, as they lack certain modifications of the mouthparts and a primary reproductive association with the inflorescences of palms. These include Araucarietus Kuschel, Eisingius Kuschel, and Planus Kuschel, new placements (now all Trypetidini); Euryscapoides Wibmer \& O{\textquoteright}Brien, new placement (Curculioninae incertae sedis); Neopsilorhinus Bovie, new placement (Erirhinidae: Erirhinini); and Pedetinus Faust, new placement (Eugnomini). Five subtribes are recognized within Derelomini. The oldest African and South American Derelomina have a carinate rostrum and lamellate dorsal scales. Grasidius Champion (previously Erirhinini) and Terires Champion (Storeini) are placed therein, new placements. Neoderelomus Hoffmann is nested within Derelomus Schoenherr, syn.n., and its only species is therefore renamed as D. piriformis (Hoffmann), comb.n. The predominantly Asian Acalyptina are reduced from tribal status, stat.n., to now be part of Derelomini, new placement. They are defined (inter alia) by truncate elytra. They also contain Eudela Pascoe and Eudelodes Zimmermann, new placements (previously Curculioninae incertae sedis). The New World Notolomina, subtr.n., are distinguished by bifurcate maxillary lacinial teeth and other mouthpart characters. Andranthobius mariahelenae (Bondar) (formerly Derelomus), comb.n., is added to this entity. Phyllotrogina, subtr.n., are a very diverse and mostly Neotropical lineage. They have two-segmented maxillary palps, a densely pubescent prosternum, and long macrosetae along the basal fifth of the posterior wing margin. Within the subtribe there are independent transitions to host plant associations with various dicots (Phyllotrox Schoenherr), Cyclanthaceae (e.g. Perelleschus Wibmer \& O{\textquoteright}Brien and Systenotelus Anderson \& Go{\textasciiacute} mez), and Araceae (Cyclanthura Franz). Their life history traits show related changes, including losses of the ability to pollinate, and more detrimental (herbivorous, seed-predating) larval developments (e.g. Cotithene Voss). Phyllotrox tatianae (Bondar) (formerly Derelomus), comb.n., is assigned to Phyllotrogina. Hypoleschus Fall is nested within Phyllotrox, syn.n., and thereby the latter now contains P. atratus (Fall), comb.n. The Central American palm-associated Androtrox Franz, gen.n., is proposed to accommodate A. megalops (Champion) (formerly Phyllotrox), comb.n., a species with large contiguous eyes and a set of mouthpart attributes convergently present in Andranthobius Kuschel (Notolomina) and Phyllotrox. The Neotropical Staminodeina, subtr.n., with a labial prementum with two triangular projections and a large anal lobe on the wing, probably represent a young clade of weevils specialized to oviposit into the ephemeral staminodes of Cyclanthaceae inflorescences. The apparent phylogenetic sequence of the subtribes is (Derelomina ((Acalyptina, Staminodeina) (Notolomina, Phyllotrogina))), with a Juanorhinini{\textendash}Trypetidini clade as the most immediate outgroup, followed by various curculionine lineages. The revised system thus improves the taxonomy of derelomine weevils, and clarifies our understanding of their roles in the evolution of several tropical plant lineages {\textendash} palms and cyclanths in particular.},
	url = {http://academic.uprm.edu/\%7Efranz/publications/DerelominePhylogeny.pdf},
	author = {Franz, N. M.}
}
@article {5663,
	title = {Systematics of Sitonini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae), with a hypothesis on the evolution of feeding habits},
	journal = {Systematic Entomology},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {312-331},
	abstract = {A new classification of Sitonini Gistel into ten genera is proposed, derived from a phylogenetic analysis based on morphology. Two subgenera of Sitona, Charagmus and Coelositona, are promoted to genus level. Sitona is restricted to the former nominotypical subgenus and redefined using apomorphies, and several species previously included in it are transferred to the genus Coelositona Gonza{\textasciiacute} lez. The species composition of the genus Charagmus Scho{\textasciidieresis} nherr is unchanged. Andrion gen.n. is described (type species: Curculio regensteinensis Herbst, 1794). Catachaenus Scho{\textasciidieresis} nherr, 1840 is synonymized with Eugnathus Scho{\textasciidieresis} nherr, 1834 (syn.n.). Homalorhinus lutosus Hochhuth, 1847 is removed from Sitonini. The relationships represented by the new classification correspond with the evolution of Fabaceae (Leguminosae), mostly with the group of {\textquoteleft}temperate herbaceous tribes{\textquoteright} or Hologalegina. This group is divided into the sister clades, Loteae s.l. and IRLC (inverted repeat-lacking clade) {\textendash} a clade well defined by the loss of a structural mutation in the genome of the chloroplast. Andrion does not feed on Hologalegina. Charagmus and Coelositona feed on species of Loteae s.l., whereas members of the genus Sitona feed on species in IRLC. This ability to feed on IRLC plants seems to have been a key trait that enabled the radiation of Sitona into more than 100 species. A key to the genera of Sitonini and illustrations of important morphological features are provided. A new structure is described from the internal sac, the {\textquoteleft}hamuli{\textquoteright}. The variability of hamuli between the species of Sitonini is an important new tool in the taxonomy of this tribe. New combinations: Eugnathus circulus (Eydoux \& Souleyet, 1839), E. mangarinicus (Voss, 1925), E. scintillans (Pascoe, 1874), E. sulcifrons (Heller, 1934), Charagmus gressorius (Fabricius, 1792), Ch. intermedius Ku{\textasciidieresis} ster, 1847, Ch. griseus (Fabricius, 1775), Ch. cachectus Gyllenhal, 1834, Ch. stierlini Reitter, 1903, Ch. variegatus (Fao hraeus, 1840), Coelositona ribesi (Gonza{\textasciiacute} lez, 1971), C. cambricus (Stephens, 1831), C. cinerascens (Fao hraeus, 1840), C. limosus (Rossi, 1792), C. ocellatus (Ku{\textasciidieresis}ster, 1849), C. latipennis (Gyllenhal, 1834), C. puberulus (Reitter, 1903), C. villosus (Allard, 1869), Andrion regensteinense (Herbst, 1794) and Anemeroides lutosus (Hochhuth, 1847).},
	url = {http://darwin.bio.ucm.es/usuarios/bba/cont/docs/103.pdf},
	author = {Velasquez de Castro, A.J. and Miguel Angel Alonso-Zarazaga and Outerelo, R.}
}
@article {4641,
	title = {Can higher-level phylogenies of weevils explain their evolutionary success? A critical review.},
	journal = {Systematic Entomology},
	year = {2010},
	abstract = {We review a series of related publications that combine higher-level phylogenies of weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) with host plant information to explain the success of this megadiverse lineage in the context of a coevolutionary escape-and-radiation hypothesis. We argue that the authors{\textquoteright} approach, though by no means isolated, is marred by the cumulative effect of (1) inadequate taxon sampling, particularly within the most diverse family Curculionidae;  (2) insufficient reconciliation of systematic evidence, including the reassessment of morphological characters and necessary classificatory emendations; (3) exceedingly wide concepts of ecological similarity, leading to uninformative tests of adaptation; (4) insufficient resolution of the temporal sequence of associated weevil and angiosperm radiations; and (5) inadequate consideration of alternatives to the escape-and-radiation hypothesis. As a result, there are very few new and reliable inferences about the evolutionary success of weevils that depend precisely on the phylogenetic data presented in these studies. Improved taxon sampling alone is not the solution, because the existing mid-level classification of weevils is too deficient to permit inferences about natural lineages and their ancestral traits. We therefore recommend abandoning such a higherlevel approach in favor of more narrowly focused reconstructions of the evolutionary history of generic and tribal groupings.},
	author = {Franz, N. M. and Engel, M. S}
}
@article {4628,
	title = {Towards a phylogenetic system of derelomine flower weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).},
	journal = {Systematic Entomology},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2006},
	note = {ORIG-Title-Journal-Volume-Combination:  Towards a phylogenetic system of derelomine flower weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Systematic Entomology 31},
	pages = {220-287},
	abstract = {A revised phylogenetic classification for derelomine flower weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Curculioninae: Derelomini Lacordaire) is proposed,based on a cladistic analysis of 115 outgroup and ingroup taxa and 155 primarily morphological characters. The single most-parsimonious cladogram(length {\textonequarter} 271, consistency index {\textonequarter} 65, retention index {\textonequarter} 95) indicates that several genera must be excluded from the tribe, as they lack certain modifications of the mouthparts and a primary reproductive association with the inflorescences of palms. These include Araucarietus Kuschel, Eisingius Kuschel, and Planus Kuschel, new placements (now all Trypetidini); Euryscapoides Wibmer \& O{\textquoteright}Brien, new placement (Curculioninae incertae sedis); Neopsilorhinus Bovie, new placement (Erirhinidae: Erirhinini); and Pedetinus Faust, new placement (Eugnomini). Five subtribes are recognized within Derelomini. The oldest African and South American Derelomina have a carinate rostrum and lamellate dorsal scales. Grasidius Champion (previously Erirhinini) and Terires Champion (Storeini) are placed therein, new placements. Neoderelomus Hoffmann is nested within Derelomus Schoenherr, syn.n., and its only species is therefore renamed as D. piriformis (Hoffmann), comb.n. The predominantly Asian Acalyptina are reduced from tribal status, stat.n., to now be part of Derelomini, new placement. They are defined (inter alia) by truncate elytra. They also contain Eudela Pascoe and Eudelodes Zimmermann, new placements (previously Curculioninae incertae sedis). The New World Notolomina, subtr.n., are distinguished by bifurcate maxillary lacinial teeth and other mouthpart characters. Andranthobius mariahelenae (Bondar) (formerly Derelomus), comb.n., is added to this entity. Phyllotrogina, subtr.n., are a very diverse and mostly Neotropical lineage. They have two-segmented maxillary palps, a densely pubescent prosternum, and long macrosetae along the basal fifth of the posterior wing margin. Within the subtribe there are independent transitions to host plant associations with various dicots (Phyllotrox Schoenherr), Cyclanthaceae (e.g. Perelleschus Wibmer \& O{\textquoteright}Brien and Systenotelus Anderson \& Go{\textasciiacute} mez), and Araceae (Cyclanthura Franz). Their life history traits show related changes, including losses of the ability to pollinate, and more detrimental (herbivorous, seed-predating) larval developments (e.g. Cotithene Voss). Phyllotrox tatianae (Bondar) (formerly Derelomus), comb.n., is assigned to Phyllotrogina. Hypoleschus Fall is nested within Phyllotrox, syn.n., and thereby the latter now contains P. atratus (Fall), comb.n. The Central American palm-associated Androtrox Franz, gen.n., is proposed to accommodate A. megalops (Champion) (formerly Phyllotrox), comb.n., a species with large contiguous eyes and a set of mouthpart attributes convergently present in Andranthobius Kuschel (Notolomina) and Phyllotrox. The Neotropical Staminodeina, subtr.n., with a labial prementum with two triangular projections and a large anal lobe on the wing, probably represent a young clade of weevils specialized to oviposit into the ephemeral staminodes of Cyclanthaceae inflorescences. The apparent phylogenetic sequence of the subtribes is (Derelomina ((Acalyptina, Staminodeina) (Notolomina, Phyllotrogina))), with a Juanorhinini{\textendash}Trypetidini clade as the most immediate outgroup, followed by various curculionine lineages. The revised system thus improves the taxonomy of derelomine weevils, and clarifies our understanding of their roles in the evolution of several tropical plant lineages {\textendash} palms and cyclanths in particular.},
	url = {http://academic.uprm.edu/\%7Efranz/publications/DerelominePhylogeny.pdf},
	author = {Franz, N. M.}
}
@article {3414,
	title = {Systematics of Sitonini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae), with a hypothesis on the evolution of feeding habits},
	journal = {Systematic Entomology},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {312-331},
	chapter = {312},
	abstract = {A new classification of Sitonini Gistel into ten genera is proposed, derived from a phylogenetic analysis based on morphology. Two subgenera of Sitona, Charagmus and Coelositona, are promoted to genus level. Sitona is restricted to the former nominotypical subgenus and redefined using apomorphies, and several species previously included in it are transferred to the genus Coelositona Gonza{\textasciiacute} lez. The species composition of the genus Charagmus Scho{\textasciidieresis} nherr is unchanged. Andrion gen.n. is described (type species: Curculio regensteinensis Herbst, 1794). Catachaenus Scho{\textasciidieresis} nherr, 1840 is synonymized with Eugnathus Scho{\textasciidieresis} nherr, 1834 (syn.n.). Homalorhinus lutosus Hochhuth, 1847 is removed from Sitonini. The relationships represented by the new classification correspond with the evolution of Fabaceae (Leguminosae), mostly with the group of {\textquoteleft}temperate herbaceous tribes{\textquoteright} or Hologalegina. This group is divided into the sister clades, Loteae s.l. and IRLC (inverted repeat-lacking clade) {\textendash} a clade well defined by the loss of a structural mutation in the genome of the chloroplast. Andrion does not feed on Hologalegina. Charagmus and Coelositona feed on species of Loteae s.l., whereas members of the genus Sitona feed on species in IRLC. This ability to feed on IRLC plants seems to have been a key trait that enabled the radiation of Sitona into more than 100 species. A key to the genera of Sitonini and illustrations of important morphological features are provided. A new structure is described from the internal sac, the {\textquoteleft}hamuli{\textquoteright}. The variability of hamuli between the species of Sitonini is an important new tool in the taxonomy of this tribe. New combinations: Eugnathus circulus (Eydoux \& Souleyet, 1839), E. mangarinicus (Voss, 1925), E. scintillans (Pascoe, 1874), E. sulcifrons (Heller, 1934), Charagmus gressorius (Fabricius, 1792), Ch. intermedius Ku{\textasciidieresis} ster, 1847, Ch. griseus (Fabricius, 1775), Ch. cachectus Gyllenhal, 1834, Ch. stierlini Reitter, 1903, Ch. variegatus (Fao hraeus, 1840), Coelositona ribesi (Gonza{\textasciiacute} lez, 1971), C. cambricus (Stephens, 1831), C. cinerascens (Fao hraeus, 1840), C. limosus (Rossi, 1792), C. ocellatus (Ku{\textasciidieresis}ster, 1849), C. latipennis (Gyllenhal, 1834), C. puberulus (Reitter, 1903), C. villosus (Allard, 1869), Andrion regensteinense (Herbst, 1794) and Anemeroides lutosus (Hochhuth, 1847).},
	url = {http://darwin.bio.ucm.es/usuarios/bba/cont/docs/103.pdf},
	author = {Velasquez de Castro, A.J. and Miguel Angel Alonso-Zarazaga and Outerelo, R.}
}
@article {2751,
	title = {New Oxycoryninae from Central and South America: Phylogenetic and Biogeographical Implications (Coleoptera: Belidae). },
	journal = {Systematic Entomology},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {644-652},
	author = {Anderson, R. S.}
}
@article {2616,
	title = {Revision of the Neotropical weevil genus Phymatophosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)},
	journal = {Systematic Entomology},
	volume = {3},
	number = {2},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {103-130},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The genus Phymatophosus includes 17 spp. of neotropical Cryptorhynchinae, with hosts in the plant family Cucurbitaceae; P. scapularis Champion and P. atropos (Boheman) are seed predators of Cayaponia spp. and Fevillea, respectively; P. squameus Faust is a stem borer of Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz (chuchu or chayote). The species are keyed, described and illustrated, their distributions mapped. They are arranged in 5 species groups: the P. leucomelas group, P. albocaudatus Hustache, P. camelus comb. nov. (ex Cryptacrus camelus Fiedler), P. dysmorphus sp. nov. [Brazil], P. leucomelas comb. nov. (ex Cryptorhynchus leucomelas Boheman), P. scops comb. nov. (ex Cryptacrus scops Pascoe), P. semialbus comb. nov. (ex Cryptacrus semialbus Fiedler); P. egregius group, P. akestra sp. nov. [Argentina], P. egregius sp. nov. [Bolivia], P. enodis sp. nov. [Surinam], P. scapularis group, P. balloui sp. nov. [Costa Rica], P. bufo sp. nov. [Brazil], P. scapularis Champion (P. multicristatus Champoin syn. nov. P. variegatus Fiedler syn. nov.); P. squameus group, P. squameus Faust, P. verrucula sp. nov. [Brazil], P. verutus sp. nov. [Argentina]; P. atropos group, P. atropos (Boheman), P. lachesis comb. nov. (ex Cryptacrus lachesis Fiedler). The apparent sister group of Phymatophosus is the P. latisquamis group of the Neotropical tylodine genus Pseudomopsis Champion.},
	keywords = {Phymatophosus, Phymatophosus akestra, Phymatophosus albocaudatus, Phymatophosus balloui, Phymatophosus bufo, Phymatophosus camelus, Phymatophosus dysmorphus, Phymatophosus egregius, Phymatophosus enodis, Phymatophosus lachesis, Phymatophosus leucomelas, Phymatophosus multicristatus, Phymatophosus scapularis, Phymatophosus scops, Phymatophosus semialbus, Phymatophosus squameus, Phymatophosus verrucula, Phymatophosus verutus},
	isbn = {0307-6970},
	author = {Clark, W.E.}
}
