@article {13138,
	title = {Secondary structure alignment and direct optimization of 28S rDNA sequences provide limited phylogenetic resolution in bark and ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae)},
	journal = {Zoologica Scripta},
	volume = {37},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	month = {January},
	pages = {43-56},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Phylogenetic relationships in Scolytinae were reconstructed from 107 DNA sequences that spanned the D2 and D3 expansion segments, and related core regions of the nuclear large ribosomal subunit (28S). Sequences were analysed by parsimony and Bayesian analyses of aligned sequences aided by a new secondary structure model for the D2-D3 domains. Direct optimization was performed on ambiguous alignment regions in combination with fixed states optimization of unambiguous regions, but performed poorly compared to the Bayesian and parsimony analyses. Generally, the phylogenetic signal mainly resolved relationships within tribes, while deeper divergences were either not resolved or received marginal support. In addition to confirming several previously established clades, we found that Micracini formed the sister group to Cactopinus, a group of mainly cactus feeding scolytine beetles. Furthermore, Ipini was monophyletic with Pseudips and Acanthotomicus subtending to the most basal node of that Glade. The monophyly of Corthylini, which consists of the bark and cone feeding Pityophtorina and the ambrosia fungus-feeding Corthylina, was supported in some of the analyses. A close relationship was found between Phloeotribus and the two Phloeosinini genera Chramesus and Pseudochramesus, suggesting an evolutionary trajectory for the origin of a lamellate antennal club in Phloeotribus.},
	keywords = {Acanthotomicus, Cactopinus, Chramesus, Corthylina, Corthylini, Ipini, Micracini, Phloeosinini, Phloeotribus, Pityophtorina, Pseudips, Pseudochramesus, Scolytinae},
	isbn = {0300-3256},
	author = {Jordal, Bjarte and Gillespie, Joseph J. and Cognato, Anthony I.}
}
@article {11271,
	title = {Responses of parasitoids to saproxylic hosts and habitat: a multi-scale study using experimental logs},
	journal = {Oecologia (Berlin)},
	volume = {155},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	month = {February},
	pages = {63-74},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Species belonging to higher trophic levels are particularly vulnerable to habitat loss and consequential host population declines, but detection of effects depends on observation scale. We investigated the effects of habitat and host availability at multiple scales on parasitoids of early successional saproxylic beetles in middle boreal Sweden, where forestry has led to habitat fragmentation and coarse woody debris (CWD) loss. Parasitoid wasps and beetle hosts were collected from nine locations, each containing three spruce-dominated stand types (clear-cut, mature managed and unmanaged stands), using emergence traps on experimental CWD. We measured local CWD volumes and determined the availability of forests of a suitable age within the landscape. We tested parasitoid responses to stand type, CWD volume, abundance of known and probable hosts and longitude. Additionally, we tested whether parasitoids responded to the area of habitat of a suitable age within radii from 0.2 to 10 km. Stand type appeared in best-fit models for all common species, suggesting that wasps respond strongly to habitat at local scales. Longitude (largely climate) featured commonly, but CWD volume was never significant. Host abundance appeared in best-fit models for three of five common species, proving significant only for Bracon obscurator, the abundance of which correlated with that of Orthotomicus laricis at both trap and site levels. Rhimphoctona spp. also correlated significantly with its known host Tetropium castaneum at the trap level. B. obscurator responded to habitat area at scales of 0.6-1 km and Cosmophorus regius responded at radii greater than 7 km, while the larger species did not respond strongly to habitat area. The role of habitat area at greater scales thus varied greatly amongst species, but our data suggest that dispersal of these common early successional species may not be strongly restricted at the current scale of fragmentation of their boreal habitats.},
	keywords = {Dryocoetes, Hylastes, Hylurgops, Ips typographus, Orthotomicus, Pityogenes},
	isbn = {0029-8549},
	author = {Gibb, H. and Hilszczanski, J. and Hjalten, J. and Danell, K. and Ball, J. P. and Pettersson, R. B. and Alinvi, O.}
}
@article {11140,
	title = {Impacts of Silvicultural Thinning Treatments on Beetle Trap Captures and Tree Attacks During Low Bark Beetle Populations in Ponderosa Pine Forests of Northern Arizona},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology},
	volume = {103},
	number = {5},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {1693-1703},
	abstract = {Our research used a combination of passive traps, funnel traps with lures, baited trees, and surveys of long-term thinning plots to assess the impacts of different levels of stand basal area (BA) on bark beetle tree attack and on trap captures of Ips spp., Dendroctonus spp., and their predators. The study occurred at two sites in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dough. ex Laws., forests, from 2004 to 2007 during low bark beetle populations. Residual stand BA ranged from 9.0 to 37.0 m2/ha. More predators and bark beetles were collected in passive traps in stands of lower BA than in stands of higher BA; however, significance varied by species and site, and total number of beetles collected was low. Height of the clear panel passive traps affected trap catches for some species at some sites and years. When pheromone lures were used with funnel traps (Ips pini (Say) lure: lanierone, +03/-97 ipsdienol), we found no significant difference in trap catches among basal area treatments for bark beetles and their predators. Similarly, when trees were baited (Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte lure: myrcene, exo-brevicomin and frontalin), we found no significant difference for days to first bark beetle attack. Surveys of long-term thinning treatments found evidence of bark beetle attacks only in unthinned plots ([approximately equal]37 m2/ha basal area). We discuss our results in terms of management implications for bark beetle trapping and control.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus, Ips},
	isbn = {0022-0493},
	author = {Gaylord, M. L. and Hofstetter, R. W. and Wagner, M. R.}
}
@article {10969,
	title = {Blacks mountain experimental forest: bark beetle responses to differences in forest structure and the application of prescribed fire in interior ponderosa pine},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	volume = {38},
	number = {5},
	year = {2008},
	month = {May},
	pages = {924-935},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Mechanical thinning and the application of prescribed fire are commonly used tools in the restoration of fire-adapted forest ecosystems. However, few studies have explored their effects on subsequent amounts of bark beetle caused tree mortality in interior ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. \& C. Laws. var. ponderosa. In this study, we examined bark beetle responses to creation of midseral (low diversity) and late-seral stages (high diversity) and the application of prescribed fire on 12 experimental units ranging in size from 76 to 136 ha. A total of 9500 (5.0\% of all trees) Pinus and Abies trees died 2 years after treatment of which 28.8\% (2733 trees) was attributed to bark beetle colonization. No significant difference in the mean percentage of trees colonized by bark beetles was found between low diversity and high diversity. The application of prescribed fire resulted in significant increases in bark beetle caused tree mortality (all species) and for western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, Ips spp., and fir engraver, Scolytus ventralis LeConte, individually. Approximately 85.6\% (2339 trees) of all bark beetle caused tree mortality occurred on burned split plots. The implications of these and other results to sustainable forest management are discussed.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus brevicornis, Dendroctonus ponderosae, Ips, Scolytus ventralis},
	isbn = {0045-5067},
	author = {Fettig, Christopher J. and Borys, Robert R. and McKelvey, Stephen R. and Dabney, Christopher P.}
}
@article {10799,
	title = {Effects of Various Semiochemicals on the Responses of Rhyzopertha dominica to Pheromone Traps in the Field},
	journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America},
	volume = {104},
	number = {6},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {1297-1302},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Feeding male Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) produces two pheromones Dominicalure-1 (DL-1) and Dominicalure-2 (DL-2), which attracts adults of both sexes. In field experiments conducted in Oklahoma, R. dominica captures in multiple funnel traps deployed with its pheromones, ethanol, or both, green-leaf volatiles (GLV), plant essential oils, or synthetic pheromones for Ips spp., Dendroctonus spp., or Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) were examined. The bark beetle lures were evaluated at the release rate recommended for the respective insects. The number of insects trapped increased when R. dominica lure was combined with ethanol, whereas beetle captures neither were enhanced nor inhibited when the lure was combined with GLV, 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-l-one (MCH), or plant essential oil mixtures turpentine, from Pinus spp., and cedar wood oil, from Juniperus spp. (Coniferales: Pinaceae and Cupressaceae). Similarly, the numbers of captured R. dominica did not significantly differ when R. dominica lures were supplemented with ipsdienol, ipsenol, cis-verbenol, or pityol. Conversely, the combination of R. dominica lures with exo-brevicomin, frontalin, and commercial lure for S. multistriatus, containing the bicyclic ketal multistriatin, resulted in significantly fewer captures of R. dominica. The presence of live males of the closely related species Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) decreased the number of captured R. dominica by >70\% compared with captures in traps baited with R. dominica{\textquoteright}s natural pheromone alone. Results support the hypothesis that grain-infesting R. dominica evolved from forest-inhabiting ancestors and retained behavioral traits for semiochemical interactions with other wood-boring beetle species. Such interspecific interactions have potential for exploitation in pest management programs against R. dominica.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus, Ips, Scolytus multistriatus},
	isbn = {0013-8746; 1938-2901},
	author = {Edde, Peter A. and Toews, Michael D. and Phillips, Thomas W.}
}
@article {10748,
	title = {Kairomonal response of coleopterans associated with Dendroctonus frontalis and two Ips species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in forest of Chiapas, Mexico},
	journal = {Revista Mexicana De Biodiversidad},
	volume = {79},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	month = {junio},
	pages = {175-183},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We assessed the bark beetle diversity and the response of associated predators to aggregation pheromones in pine forests in Chiapas, Mexico. From June to October 2006, 40 Lindgren funnel traps were established with different baits that included frontalin, ipsenol and ipsdienol pheromones and a control (without pheromone). We registered the attractiveness of frontalin to the bark beetle Dendroctonus frontalis (Zimmermann), and ipsenol and ipsdienol to Ips spp. Kairomonal specific response of the predators Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim), Enoclerus ablusus (Ban) and Elacatis sp. was detected. We registered an important increase in abundance of bark beetles and predators during the summer to the beginning of fall. T. chlorodia exhibited differential attraction to the three pheromones evaluated, whereas E. ablusus, Elacatis sp. and Leptostylus sp. were significantly attracted to ipsenol and ipsdienol. This is the first report of kairomonal response of the phytophagous Leptostylus sp. (Cerambycidae) for Mexico. Our results showed that inter-and intra-specific communication between different bark beetles and associated species may occur, which promotes competitive and predator interaction between them.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus frontalis, Ips},
	author = {Dominguez-Sanchez, Bernando and Macias-Samano, Jorge E. and Ramirez-Marcial, Neptali and Leon-Cortes, Jorger L.}
}
@book {9635,
	title = {Chemical Ecology of Bark Beetles in Regard to Search and Selection of Host Trees},
	series = {Recent advances in entomological research: from molecular biology to pest management.},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {150-190},
	abstract = {Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), especially pests in the genera Dendroctonus, Ips, Scolytus, Trypodendron, Tomicus, and Pityogenes of the Northern hemisphere are reviewed regarding aspects of their chemical ecology during host finding and selection. Most of the species covered here feed on conifers, primarily pines (Pinus) in the Northern hemisphere and Norway spruce (Picea abies) of Europe and Asia. Bark beetles use a variety of olfactory strategies to discriminate suitable host trees from among less suitable, overcolonized, or decaying hosts as well as nonhosts. Bark beetles also use olfactory strategies to find mates and select attack sites. These strategies have implications for coevolution of trees and bark beetles. Knowledge of the chemical ecology of insect-insect and insect-plant relationships is necessary to develop improved methods for monitoring and controlling bark beetles that are predators of trees.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus, Ips, Pityogenes, Scolytus, Tomicus, Trypodendron},
	isbn = {978-3-642-17814-6},
	author = {Byers, John A. and Zhang, Qinghe},
	editor = {Liu, Tongxian and Kang, Le}
}
@article {9419,
	title = {Pheromone production in bark beetles},
	journal = {Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology},
	volume = {40},
	number = {10},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {699-712},
	abstract = {The first aggregation Pheromone components from bark beetles were identified in 1966 as a mixture of ipsdienol, ipsenol and verbenol. Since then, a number of additional components have been identified as both aggregation and anti-aggregation pheromones, with many of them being monoterpenoids or derived from monoterpenoids. The structural similarity between the major pheromone components of bark beetles and the monoterpenes found in the host trees, along with the association of monoterpenoid production with plant tissue, led to the paradigm that most if not all bark beetle pheromone components were derived from host tree precursors, often with a simple hydroxylation producing the pheromone. In the 1990s there was a paradigm shift as evidence for de novo biosynthesis of pheromone components began to accumulate, and it is now recognized that most bark beetle monoterpenoid aggregation pheromone components are biosynthesized de novo. The bark beetle aggregation pheromones are released from the frass, which is consistent with the isoprenoid aggregation pheromones, including ipsdienol, ipsenol and frontalin, being produced in midgut tissue. It appears that exo-brevocomin is produced de novo in fat body tissue, and that verbenol, verbenone and verbenene are produced from dietary cc-pinene in fat body tissue. Combined biochemical, molecular and functional genomics studies in Ips pini yielded the discovery and characterization of the enzymes that convert mevalonate pathway intermediates to pheromone components, including a novel bifunctional geranyl diphosphate synthase/myrcene synthase, a cytochrome P450 that hydroxylates myrcene to ipsdienol, and an oxidoreductase that interconverts ipsdienol and ipsdienone to achieve the appropriate stereochemistry of ipsdienol for pheromonal activity. Furthermore, the regulation of these genes and their corresponding enzymes proved complex and diverse in different species. Mevalonate pathway genes in pheromone producing male I. pini have much higher basal levels than in females, and feeding induces their expression. In I. dupIicatus and I. pini, juvenile hormone III (JH III) induces pheromone production in the absence of feeding, whereas in I. paraconfusus and I. confusus, topically applied JH III does not induce pheromone production. In all four species, feeding induces pheromone production. While many of the details of pheromone production, including the site of synthesis, pathways and knowledge of the enzymes involved are known for Ips, less is known about pheromone production in Dendroctonus. Functional genomics studies are under way in D. ponderosae, which should rapidly increase our understanding of pheromone production in this genus. This chapter presents a historical development of what is known about pheromone production in bark beetles, emphasizes the genomic and post-genomic work in I. pini and points out areas where research is needed to obtain a more complete understanding of pheromone production. [copyright]2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Ips},
	isbn = {0965-1748},
	author = {Blomquist, Gary J. and Figueroa-Teran, Rubi and Aw, Mory and Song, Minmin and Gorzalski, Andrew and Abbott, Nicole L. and Chang, Eric and Tittiger, Claus}
}
@article {9241,
	title = {Two regulatory mechanisms of monoterpenoid pheromone production in Ips spp. of bark beetles},
	journal = {Journal of Chemical Ecology},
	volume = {35},
	number = {6},
	year = {2009},
	month = {June},
	pages = {689-697},
	abstract = {Bark beetles use aggregation pheromones to coordinate host colonization and mating. These monoterpenoid chemical signals are produced de novo in midgut cells via the mevalonate pathway, and pheromone production is induced when an adult beetle feeds on phloem of a host tree. In Ips pini, juvenile hormone (JH) III influences key regulatory enzymes along the mevalonate pathway that leads to pheromone production. In fact, topically applied JH III is sufficient to stimulate pheromone production in unfed males. In this study, we explore the influence of feeding and JH III treatment on pheromone production in male Ips confusus, the pinyon Ips. We also characterize the influence of feeding and JH III treatment on transcript levels and activity of three key enzymes involved in pheromone biosynthesis: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG) synthase (HMGS), HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) and geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPPS). We also extend the current understanding of the regulation of pheromone biosynthesis in I. pini, by measuring the influence of feeding and JHIII treatment on enzymatic activity of HMGS and GPPS. Feeding on host phloem alone strongly induces pheromone production in male I. confusus, while JH III treatment has no effect. However, feeding and JH III both significantly up-regulate mRNA levels of key mevalonate pathway genes. Feeding up-regulates these genes to a maximum at 32 h, whereas with JH III-treatment, they are up-regulated at 4, 8, and 16 h, but return near to non-treatment levels at 32 h. Feeding, but not JH III treatment, also increases the activity of all three enzymes in I. confusus, while both feeding or treatment with JH III increase HMGS and GPPS activity in I. pini. Our data suggest that pheromone production in Ips is not uniformly controlled by JH III and feeding may stimulate the release of some other regulatory factor, perhaps a brain hormone, required for pheromone production.},
	keywords = {Ips, Ips pini},
	isbn = {0098-0331},
	author = {Bearfield, Jeremy C. and Henry, Anastasia G. and Tittiger, Claus and Blomquist, Gary J. and Ginzel, Matthew D.}
}
@article {9167,
	title = {{\`A} propos du genre Pityogenes Bedel (Col. Scolytoidea)},
	journal = {Bulletin de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} Entomnologique de France},
	volume = {52},
	year = {1947},
	note = {Orig. ref: Balachowsky (1947). {\`A} propos du genre Pityogenes Bedel (Col. Scolytoidea). Bulletin de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} Entomnologique de France, 52(3): 44},
	pages = {44},
	keywords = {Pityogenes},
	author = {Balachowsky}
}
@article {9115,
	title = {Predisposition to bark beetle attack by root herbivores and associated pathogens: roles in forest decline, gap formation, and persistence of endemic bark beetle populations},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {259},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	month = {January 25},
	pages = {374-382},
	abstract = {Bark beetles are largely known for their ability to undergo intermittent population eruptions that transform entire landscapes and pose significant economic hardships. However, most species do not undergo outbreaks, and eruptive species usually exert only minor disturbances. Understanding the dynamics of tree-killing noneruptive species can provide insights into how beetles persist at low densities, and how some spatiotemporal patterns of host predisposition may more likely favor breaching eruptive thresholds than others. Elucidating mechanisms behind low-density populations is challenging, however, due to the requirement of long-term monitoring and high degrees of spatial and temporal covariance. We censused more than 2700 trees annually over 7 years, and at the end of 17 years, in a mature red pine plantation. Trees were measured for the presence of bark beetles and wood borers that breed within the primary stem, root weevils that breed in root collars, and bark beetles that breed in basal stems. We quantify the sequence of events that drive this decline syndrome, with the primary emergent pattern being an interaction between below- and above-ground herbivores and their fungal symbionts. This interaction results in an expanding forest gap, with subsequent colonization by early-successional vegetation. Spatial position strongly affects the likelihood of tree mortality. A red pine is initially very likely to avoid attack by tree-killing Ips beetles, but attack becomes increasingly likely as the belowground complex spreads to neighboring trees and eventually make trees susceptible. This system is largely internally driven, as there are strong gap edge, but not stand-edge, effects. Additional stressors, such as drought, can provide an intermittent source of susceptible trees to Ips beetles, and elevated temperature slightly accentuates this effect. New gaps can arise from such trees as they subsequently become epicenters for the full complex of organisms associated with this decline, but this is not common. As Ips populations rise, there is some element of positive feedback, in that the proportion of killed trees that were not first colonized by root organisms increases. This positive feedback is very weak, however, and we propose the slope between beetle population density and reliance on host stress as a quantitative distinction along a gradient from noneruptive through eruptive species. Almost all trees colonized by Ips were subsequently colonized by wood borers, likely a source of negative feedback. We discuss implications to our overall understanding of cross-scale interactions, between-guild interactions, forest declines, and eruptive thresholds. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Ips},
	isbn = {0378-1127},
	author = {Aukema, Brian H. and Zhu, Jun and Moller, Jesper and Rasmussen, Jakob G. and Raffa, Kenneth F.}
}
@article {6163,
	title = {Influence of elevation on bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) community structure and flight periodicity in ponderosa pine forests of Arizona},
	journal = {Environmental Entomology},
	volume = {37},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	month = {February},
	pages = {94-109},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {We examined abundance and flight periodicity of five Ips and six Dendroctonus species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) among three different elevation bands in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex. Lawson) forests of northcentral Arizona. Bark beetle populations were monitored at 10 sites in each of three elevation bands (low: 1,600-1,736 m; middle: 2,058-2,230 m; high: 2,505-2,651 m) for 3 yr (2004-2006) using pheromone-baited Lindgren funnel traps. Trap contents were collected weekly from March to December. We also studied temperature differences among the elevation bands and what role this may play in beetle flight behavior. Bark beetles, regardless of species, showed no consistent elevational trend in abundance among the three bands. The higher abundances of Ips lecontei Swaine, I calligraphus ponderosae Swaine, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman, and D. brevicomis LeConte at low and middle elevations offset the greater abundance of I. knausi Swaine, D. adjunctus Blandford, D. approximatus Dietz, and D. valens LeConte at high elevations. I. pini (Say) and L latidens LeConte were found in similar numbers across the three bands. Flight periodicity of several species varied among elevation bands. In general, the flight period shortened as elevation increased; flight initiated later and terminated earlier in the year. The timing, number, and magnitude of peaks in flight activity also varied among the elevation bands. These results suggest that abundance and flight seasonality of several bark beetles are related to elevation and the associated temperature differences. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to bark beetle management and population dynamics},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus, Ips},
	isbn = {0046-225X},
	author = {Williams, Kelly K. and McMillin, Joel D. and DeGomez, Tom E. and Clancy, Karen M. and Miller, Andy}
}
@article {5215,
	title = {Pheromone Production, Attraction, and Interspecific Inhibition among Four Species of Ips Bark Beetles in the Southeastern USA},
	journal = {Psyche (Cambridge)},
	volume = {2012},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012},
	pages = {1-14},
	abstract = {Hindgut volatiles fromattacking, unmatedmales of Ips avulsus, I. calligraphus, I. grandicollis,and I. pini were analyzed by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Based on the quantitative identifications of hindguts and subsequent individual aerations, baits were formulated and a combined species-specific subtractive field bioassay was set up for the four bark beetle species. The bioassays were subtractive for the compounds identified in the hindgut analysis of each species, and volatiles identified in sympatric species were added as potential inhibitors alone and in combination. The trap catches from this bioassay revealed strong interspecific inhibition. The subtractive assays showed that I. grandicollis and I. calligraphus share ([long dash])-(4S)-cis-verbenol as one pheromone component, while their second, synergistic pheromone component, ([long dash])-(S)-ipsenol in I. grandicollis and ([plus or minus])- ipsdienol in I. calligraphus, acts as an interspecific inhibitor to the other species. I. avulsus and I. pini were found to have very similar production of hindgut volatiles, and both use ipsdienol and lanierone as synergistic pheromone components. No beetle- produced interspecific inhibitor was identified between these two species. Lanierone was found to be an interspecific inhibitor for both I. calligraphus and I. grandicollis.},
	keywords = {Ips},
	isbn = {0033-2615; 1687-7438},
	url = {http://www.hindawi.com/journals/psyche/2012/532652/},
	author = {Birgersson, Goran and Dalusky, Mark J. and Espelie, Karl E. and Berisford, C. Wayne}
}
@article {4922,
	title = {What is Next in Bark Beetle Phylogeography?},
	journal = {Insects},
	volume = {3},
	number = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {June},
	pages = {453-472},
	abstract = {Bark beetle species within the scolytid genera Dendroctonus, Ips, Pityogenes and Tomicus are known to cause extensive ecological and economical damage in spruce and pine forests during epidemic outbreaks all around the world. Dendroctonus ponderosae poses the most recent example having destroyed almost 100,000 km2 of conifer forests in North America. The success and effectiveness of scolytid species lies mostly in strategies developed over the course of time. Among these, a complex system of semiochemicals promotes the communication and aggregation on the spot of infestation facilitating an en masse attack against a host tree{\textquoteright}s defenses; or an association with fungi that evolved either in the form of nutrition (ambrosia fungi) or even by reducing the resistance of host trees (blue-stain fungi). Although often specific to a tree genus or species, some bark beetles are polyphagous and have the ability to switch on to new hosts and extend their host range (i.e., between conifer genera such as Pityogenes chalcographus or even from conifer to deciduous trees as Polygraphus grandiclava). A combination of these capabilities in concert with life history or ecological traits explains why bark beetles are considered interesting subjects in evolutionary studies. Several bark beetle species appear in phylogeographic investigations, in an effort to improve our understanding of their ecology, epidemiology and evolution. In this paper investigations that unveil the phylogeographic history of bark beetles are reviewed. A close association between refugial areas and postglacial migration routes that insects and host trees have followed in the last 15,000 BP has been suggested in many studies. Finally, a future perspective of how next generation sequencing will influence the resolution of phylogeographic patterns in the coming years is presented. Utilization of such novel techniques will provide a more detailed insight into the genome of scolytids facilitating at the same time the application of neutral and non-neutral markers. The latter markers in particular promise to enhance the study of eco-physiological reaction types like the so-called pioneer beetles or obligate diapausing individuals.},
	keywords = {Dendroctonus, Ips, Pityogenes, Tomicus},
	isbn = {2075-4450},
	url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/3/2},
	author = {Avtzis, Dimitrios N. and Bertheau, Coralie and Stauffer, Christian}
}
@book {3110,
	title = {Morphologische Studien {\"u}ber Borkenk{\"a}fer. I. Die Gattungen Ips DeGeer und Pityogenes Bedel.},
	year = {1911},
	note = {Orig. ref: Fuchs (1911a). Morphologische Studien {\"u}ber Borkenk{\"a}fer. I. Die Gattungen Ips DeGeer und Pityogenes Bedel. Habschr. techn. Hochschule Karlsruhe. C. Wold und S., M{\"u}nchen. 45 pp.},
	publisher = {Habschr. techn. Hochschule Karlsruhe. C. Wold und S., M{\"u}nchen.},
	organization = {Habschr. techn. Hochschule Karlsruhe. C. Wold und S., M{\"u}nchen.},
	chapter = {45 pp.},
	author = {Fuchs}
}
@article {2627,
	title = {Phylogenetic analysis reveals new genus of Ipini bark beetle (Scolytidae).},
	journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America},
	volume = {93},
	year = {2000},
	note = {ORIG-Title-Journal-Volume-Combination:  Phylogenetic analysis reveals new genus of Ipini bark beetle (Scolytidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93},
	pages = {362-366},
	author = {Cognato, A.I.}
}
@article {2169,
	title = {{\`A} propos du genre Pityogenes Bedel (Col. Scolytoidea).},
	journal = {Bulletin de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} Entomnologique de France},
	volume = {52},
	number = {3},
	year = {1947},
	note = {Orig. ref: Balachowsky (1947). {\`A} propos du genre Pityogenes Bedel (Col. Scolytoidea). Bulletin de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} Entomnologique de France, 52(3): 44},
	pages = {44},
	keywords = {Pityogenes},
	author = {Balachowsky}
}
